Quadratic Equation- Session1

Session Objective
1. Definition of important terms
(equation,expression,polynomial,
identity,quadratic etc.)
2. Finding roots by factorization
method
3. General solution of roots .
4. Nature of roots

Quadratic Equation - Definitions

(Expression & Equation)
Expression:
Representation of relationship
between two (or more) variables

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Y= ax2+bx+c,
Equation : Statement of equality
between two expression

ax2 + bx + c

Root:-value(s) for which a equation satisfies

Example: x2-4x+3 = 0 (x-3)(x-1) = 0
x = 3 or 1

Roots
satisfies
of x2-4x+3 = 0

Quadratic Equation
Definitions (Polynomial)

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Polynomial :
P(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + + anxn,

an

where a0, a1, a2, an are coefficients ,

and n is positive integer
Degree of the polynomial : highest power of the variable
A polynomial equation of degree n always have n roots
Real or non-real

Quadratic Equation
Definitions (Polynomial)

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Equation 2 roots (say 1,2)

(x-1)(x-2)=0

x2 - 3x+2 = 0
2nd degree
equation

2nd degree equation 2 roots

Roots are 1,2
(x- 1 )(x- 2 )=0

x2-(1+2)x+ 12= 0
ax2 + bx +

c=0

Quadratic Equation
Definitions (Polynomial)

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Roots are 1,2,3

(x- 1 )(x- 2 ) (x- 3) =0
ax3 +bx2+cx+d = 0
3rd degree equation
3rd degree equation 3 roots
Roots are 1,2, 3,. n
(x- 1 )(x- 2 ) (x- 3).. (x- n) =0
anxn+an-1xn-1+.+ a0 =0
nth degree equation n roots

nth degree equation

Quadratic Equation
Definitions (Quadratic & Roots)

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Quadratic: A polynomial of degree=2

y= ax2+bx+c

ax2+bx+c = 0 is a quadratic equation. (a 0 )

A quadratic equation always has two roots

Roots
What are the roots of the equation
(x+a)2=0

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nd
Where
Then what
is the
is 2
its
x=-a
?of quadratic
root
difference
from
equation?
x+a=0

(x+a)2=0
(x+a)(x+a) =0
x= -a, -a
Also satisfies condition for
two roots
quadratic equation

Identity

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Identity : Equation true for all

values of the variable
(x+1)2 = x2+2x+1

Equation holds true for all real x

Polynomial identity

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If a polynomial equation of
degree n satisfies for the values
more than n it is an identity
Example: (x-1)2 = x2-2x+1
Is a 2nd degree polynomial
Satisfies for x=0

(0-1)2=0-0+1

Satisfies for x=1

(1-1)2=1-2+1

Satisfies for x=-1

(-1-1)2=1+2+1

2nd degree polynomial cannot have more than 2 roots

(x-1)2 = x2-2x+1 is an identity

Polynomial identity

LO-H01

Polynomial of x

If P(x)=Q(x) is an identity

Co-efficient of like terms is same on both the side

Illustrative example
If (x+1)2=(a2)x2+2ax+a is an identity then find a?

Illustrative Problem
If (x+1)2=(a2)x2+2ax+a is an identity
then find a?

_H001

Solution
(x+1)2=(a2)x2+2ax+a
x2+2x+1 =(a2)x2+2ax+a
is an identity
Equating co-efficient
x2

a2=1

2a=2

constant:

a=1

a= 1

a=1
satisfies all
equation

Illustrative problem

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Find the roots of the following

equation
(x a)(x b) (x a)(x c)

(a c)(b c) (a b)(c b)
(x c)(x b)
1
(c a)(b a)
Solution:

By observation

For x=-a

L.H.S= 0+0+1=1

For x=-b

L.H.S= 0+1+0=1 = R.H.S

For x=-c

L.H.S= 1+0+0=1

= R.H.S
= R.H.S

Illustrative problem
Find the roots of the following
equation
(x a)(x b) (x a)(x c) (x c)(x b)

1
(a c)(b c) (a b)(c b) (c a)(b a)

2nd degree polynomial is satisfying for more than 2 values

Its an identity
Satisfies for all values of x
i.e. on simplification the given equation becomes
0x2+0x+0=0

Quadratic Equation
-Factorization Method
Solve for

x2+x-12=0
Step2:
factors

Step1: product
-12

Step3:

_H002

-4,3
-2,6
4,-3

x2+(4-3)x -12=0

Roots are -4, 3

factors with opposite sign

Sum of
factors
-1
4
1

x2+4x-3x-12=0
(x+4)(x-3)=0

Quadratic Equation
-Factorization Method

_H002

x2+x-12=0 x2+(4-3)x -12=0

(where roots are 4,3)
Similarly if ax2+bx+c=0 has roots ,
ax2+bx+c

a(x2-(+)x + )

Comparing co-efficient of like terms:

b
( ) sum of the roots
a
c
Pr oduct of the roots
a

a a( ) a

a
b
c

Properties of Roots

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Quadratic equation ax2+bx+c=0 ,
a,b,c R and

The equation becomes: a { x2+ (b/a)x + (c/a) }= 0

ax2-(+ )x+ =0
x2-(sum) x+(product) =0

a(x-)(x-)=0

Illustrative Problem

_H002

Solve:-

x 2 2ax a 2 b 2 0
Solution:
Step1:-Product a2-b2
Step2:-Factors 1, a2-b2
and (a+b), (a-b)
Step3:

Sum
1+a2-b2
2a

x 2 {(a b) (a b)} x (a b)(a b) 0

Illustrative Problem

_H002

Solve: x2-2ax+a2-b2 = 0

x 2 {(a b) (a b)} x (a b)(a b) 0

{x (a b)}{x (a b)} 0
Either {x-(a+b)}=0

or

Ans : x=(a+b) ,(a-b)

{x-(a-b)}=0

Illustrative Problem
In a quadratic equation with leading
co-efficient 1 , a student reads the
co-efficient of x wrongly as 19 ,
which was actually 16 and obtains the
roots as -15 and 4 . The correct
roots are

Hint:-Find constant term

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Illustrative Problem
In a quadratic equation with leading co-efficient
1 , a student reads the co-efficient of x
wrongly as 19 , which was actually 16 and
obtains the roots as -15 and 4 . The correct
roots are

Solution:
Step 1: equation of roots 15 & -4
(x+15)(x+4)=0
Or x2 +19x+60=0
Step2: Get the original equation
x2+16x+60=0
Roots are 10 & -6

_H002

Illustrative Problem
Product of the roots of the equation
x2+6x+ 2+1=0 is 2,Then the
value of is
(a)-2, (b)-1, (c)2, (d)1
[DCE-1999]

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Illustrative Problem
Product of the roots of the equation
x2+6x+ 2+1=0 is 2,Then the value of
is
(a)-2, (b)-1, (c)2, (d)1

x2+6x+ 2+1=0
Product of the roots (2+1)/=-2
(+1)2=0

=-1

_H005

General Solution

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To find roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0

Step 1:
Convert it in perfect square term
i.

Multiplying this equation by 4a,

HOW !!

4a2x2 + 4abx + 4ac = 0

ii. Add and subtract b2
(4a2x2 + 4abx + b2) + 4ac - b2 = 0

(2ax + b)2 = b2 - 4ac

General Solution
Step 2:

Solve For x

2ax b b 2 4ac

-b b2 - 4ac
x=
2a

ax2 + bx + c = 0 has two roots as

b b 2 4ac
b b 2 4ac

;
2a
2a

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General Solution

_H003

(b2 - 4ac) discriminant of the

quadratic equation, and is denoted
by D .
Roots are

b D
b D
;
2a
2a

This is called the general solution of a quadratic

equation

Illustrative Problem
Find the roots of the equation x22x-1=0 by factorization method
Solution:
As middle term cannot be splitted
form the square involving terms of x
x2-2x-1=0

(x2-2x+1) 2=0

(x-1)2-(2)2=0
Form linear factors
(x-1+ 2) (x-1- 2)=0
Roots are : 1+2, 1-2

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Illustrative Problem
Find the roots of the equation
x2-10x+22=0
Solution:
Here a=1, b=-10, c=22
Apply the general solution form

(10) 100 4.1.22 10 2 3

2.1
2

(10) 100 4.1.22 10 2 3

2.1
2
Ans: Roots are 5 3;5 3

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Nature of Roots

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Discriminant, D=b2-4ac

b D
2a

,
D > 0

is real Roots are real

a, b, c are rational
(D is perfect square)
Rational
D = 0
D < 0

(D is not a perfect square)

Irrational

Roots are real and equal

D is not real Roots are imaginary

_H004

Illustrative Problem
Find the nature of the roots of the
equation
x2+2(3a+5)x+2(9a2+25)=0
Solution:
D=4(3a+5)2-4.2(9a2+5)
=-4(3a-5)2

D<0

= -36a2+120a-100
As (3a-5)2 >0 except a=5/3

Roots are imaginary except a=5/3

Irrational Roots Occur in Pair

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ax2 + bx + c = 0 ,a,b,c Rational

b
D
b
D

,
2a 2a
2a
b
D

2a
4a2
P
rational

Irrational when Q is
not perfect square

= P+ Q and = P- Q
Irrational roots occur in conjugate pair when coefficient are rational

Complex Roots Occur in Pair

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In ax2 + bx + c = 0 ,a,b,c Real

If one root complex
(p+iq)
Other its complex conjugate (p-iq )

Prove yourself
In quadratic equation with real co-eff complex
roots occur in conjugate pair

Illustrative Problem

_H004

Find the quadratic equation with

rational co-eff having a root 3+5
Solution:
One root (3+5) other root (3-5)
Required equation
(x-{3+5})(x- {3-5})=0
x2-{(3+5)+(3-5)}x+(3+5) (3-5) =0
Ans: x2-6x+4=0

Illustrative Problem
If the roots of the equation
(b-x)2 -4(a-x)(c-x)=0
are equal then
(a) b2=ac
(c)a=2b=c

(b)a=b=c
(d) None of these

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Illustrative Problem
If the roots of the equation

_H004

(b-x)2 -4(a-x)(c-x)=0 are equal then

(a) b2=ac
(c)a=2b=c

(b)a=b=c
(d) None of these

Solution:
(b-x)2 -4(a-x)(c-x)=0
x2+b2-2bx-4{x2-(a+c)x+ac}=0
3x2+2x(b-2a-2c)+(4ac-b2)=0
Roots are equal D=0
D=4(b-2a-2c)2-4.3.(4ac-b2)=0
b2+4a2+4c2-4ab-4bc+8ac-12ac+3b2=0
4(a2+b2+c2-ab-bc-ca)=0

Illustrative Problem

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If the roots of the equation

(b-x)2 -4(a-x)(c-x)=0 are equal then
(a) b2=ac
(c)a=2b=c

(b)a=b=c
(d) None of these

4(a2+b2+c2-ab-bc-ca)=0
(a-b)2+(b-c)2+(c-a)2=0
a-b=0; b-c=0 ; and c-a=0
a=b=c

Sum of 3
How/When
square
itsis zero
possible?
Its only possible
when each separately
be zero

Illustrative Problem
For what values of k

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(4-k)x2+(2k+4)x+(8k+1) becomes
a perfect square
(a) 3 or 0
(c ) 3 or 4

(b) 4 or 0
(d) None of these

Hint: (4-k)x2+(2k+4)x+(8k+1) becomes

a perfect square
Roots of the corresponding equation are equal

Illustrative Problem

_H004

For what values of k

(4-k)x2+(2k+4)x+(8k+1) becomes
a perfect square
(a) 3 or 0
(c ) 3 or 4

(b) 4 or 0
(d) None of these

(4-k)x2+(2k+4)x+(8k+1) =0 has equal roots

D = (2k+4)2-4.(4-k).(8k+1)=0
4k2+16k+16-4(31k-8k2+4)=0
k2+4k+4+8k2-31k-4=0
9k2-27k=0 k=0 or 3

Class Exercise1
Number of roots of the equation
(x + 1)3 (x 1)3 = 0 are
(a) two
(b) three
(c) four
(d) None of these
Solution:

(x + 1)3 (x 1)3 = 0
6x2 +2 = 0
2(3x2 +1) = 0, It is a quadratic equation
must have two roots.

Class Exercise2
(x + 1)3 = K2x3 +(K+2) x2 + (a 2 )x
+ b is an identity, Then value of
(K, a, b) are
(a) (-1, 5, 1)(b) (1,5,1)
(c) (1,
5 ,1)
(d) None of these
Solution:
Since (x + 1)3 = K2x3 + (K+2) x2 +(a 2)x + b is an
identity, co-efficient of like terms of both the sides
are the same
x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1 =K2x3 + (K+2) x2 +(a 2)x + b
K2=1-------(i)
K+2=3---(ii)

Class Exercise2
(x + 1)3 = K2x3 +(K+2) x2 + (a 2 )x + b is
an identity, Then value of
(K, a, b) are
(a) (-1, 5, 1) (b) (1,5,1)
(c) (1, 5 ,1)
(d) None of these

K2=1-------(i)
K+2=3---(ii)

K=1

a2 = 3 a=5
b=1

Class Exercise3
Roots of the equation cx2 cx + c +
bx2 cx b = 0 are
(a) c and b
(b)1 ,
(c) (c + b) and (c b)
(d) None of
these
Solution: (c + b)x2 2cx + (c b) = 0
(c+b)x2{(c+b)+(cb)}x+(cb)=0
(c+b)x (c+b)x(cb)x+(c b)= 0
2

(c+b)x (x 1) (c b) (x 1) = 0
(x 1) {(c+b)x (c b)} = 0

Roots are 1 and

c b
cb

Class Exercise4
Let , are the roots of the equation (x-a)(xb)=c, c 0. Then roots of the equation (x- )
(x- )+c = 0 are
(a) a,c
(b)b,c
(c ) a,b (d)(a+c),(b+c)

(x-a)(x-b)=c

, are the roots

x2-(a+b)x+ ab-c=0
So +=(a+b); =ab-c(1)
Now (x-)(x- )+c = 0
x2-(+ )x+ +c=0
x2-(a+b )x+ ab=0
(x-a) (x-b)=0

by(1)
Roots are a and b

Class Exercise5
5.The equation which has 5+3 and
4+2 as the only roots is
(a)never possible
(b) a quadratic equation with
rational co-efficient
(c) a quadratic equation with
irrational co-efficient
(d) not a quadratic equation
Solution:
Since it has two roots it is a quadratic equation.
As irrational roots are not in conjugate form. Co-efficient
are not rational.

Class Exercise6
If the sum of the roots

1
1
1

xa xb c

of is zero, then prove that product

of the roots is

a2 b2

Solution:

c[(x + a) + (x + b)] = (x + a) (x + b)
2cx + (a + b) c = x2 + (a + b) x + ab
x2 + (a + b 2c) x + (ab ac bc) = 0

As sum of roots = 0 a + b = 2c
Product of roots = ab ac bc

Class Exercise6
If the sum of the roots

1
1
1

xa xb c

of is zero, then prove that product of the

roots is
.
a2 b2

Sum of roots = 0 a + b = 2c
Product of roots = ab ac bc
= ab c (a + b)
(a b)2
= ab2
2ab a2 b2 2ab

1 2
(a b2 )
2

Class Exercise7
Both the roots of the equation
(xb)(xc)+(xc)(xa)+(xb)(xa)=0
are always :a,b,c,R
(a) Equal
(b) Imaginary
(c) Real (d) Rational
Solution:
(x b) (x c) + (x c) (x a) + (x b) (x a) = 0
or 3x2 2(a + b + c) x + (ab + bc + ca) = 0
D = 4 (a + b + c)2 4.3.(ab + bc + ca)
= 4 [(a + b + c)2 3(ab + bc + ca)]

Class Exercise7
Both the roots of the equation
(x b) (x
c) + (x c) (x a) + (x b) (x a) = 0 are
always :a,b,c,R
(a) Equal
(b) Imaginary
(c) Real
(d) Rational

D= 4 [(a + b + c)2 3(ab + bc + ca)]

= 4 (a2 + b2 + c2 bc ca ab)
=2[(a-b)2+(b-c)2+(c-a)2]
As sum of square quantities are always positive; D > 0
Roots are real.

Class Exercise8
The roots of the equation
(a+b+c)x22(a+b)x+(a+bc)=0 are
(given that a, b, c are rational.)
(a) Real and equal
(b) Rational
(c) Imaginary
(d) None of these
Solution:
Sum of the co-efficient is zero.
(a + b + c) 12 + 2 (a + b).1 + (a + b c) = 0
1 is a root, which is rational so other root will be
rational.

Class Exercise 9
If the roots of the equation
(a2+b2)x22(ac+bd)x+(c2+d2)=0
are equal then prove that a b
d c
Solution:

D=0

4 (ac+bd)2- 4 (a2+b2)(c2+d2)= 0
a2c2 + b2d2 + 2abcd = (a2 + b2) (c2 + d2)
2abcd = a2d2 + b2c2
(ad bc)2 = 0

a2d2 + b2c2 2abcd = 0

a c

ad bc = 0 ad = bc
b d

Class Exercise10
If the equation ax + by = 1 and cx2
+ dy2 = 1 have only one solution,
then prove
a2 b2
that

1
c
d
a
b
x and y .
c
d
Solution:

and

ax + by = 1 y = (1 ax)
cx2 + dy2 = 1

1
or cx + d 2 (1 ax)2 = 1
b
2

... (i)

Class Exercise10
If the equation ax + by = 1 and cx2 + dy2
= 1 have only one solution, then prove
that

a2 b2

1
c
d

and

a
b
and y .
c
d

or, b2 cx2 + d (a2x2 2ax + 1) = b2

or x2 (b2c + a2d) 2adx + (d b2) = 0 ... (ii)
As there is only one root
D = 0 4a2d2 4(b2c + a2d) (d b2) = 0
or a2d2 (b2dc b4c + a2d2 a2b2d) = 0
or b4c b2dc + a2b2d = 0

Class Exercise10
If the equation ax + by = 1 and cx2 + dy2
= 1 have only one solution, then prove
that

a2 b2

1
c
d

and

a
b
and y .
c
d

b4c b2dc + a2b2d = 0

or b4c b2dc + a2b2d = 0
b2 a2

1 [Dividing both sides by b2dc]

d
c
2ad
2ad a

when D=0;value of x from (ii) x

2
2
2(b c a d) 2dc c
By using (i) and (iii), y=b/d