TUNNELING

METHODS
BY

DEEPAK JAISWAL
MOHAMMAD SAL

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
REQUIREMENTS OF TUNNEL
MAIN PURPOSES
PROCEDURES INVOLVED
METHODS OF TUNELLING
METHOD TO SELECTION
THE OTHER SIDE

INTRODUCTION
Atunnelis an underground passageway,
completely enclosed except for openings for
egress, commonly at each end.

A tunnel may be for road traffic,road

traffic,canal,hydroelectric station,sewer etc.
TheDelaware Aqueductin New YorkUSAis
the longest tunnel, of any type, in the world at
137km (85mi)

REQUIRMENTS OF

TUNNEL

IT IS VERY USEFUL WHERE BRIDGE FAIL TO

FULFILL REQUIRMENTS LIKE IN SEA ,IN URBAN
AREA ,AND IN MOUNTAINS.

EFFICIENT COPARED TO BRIDGES.

IN WAR TIME IT IS MUCH DIFFICULT TO

DESTROY A TUNNEL BUT DESTRUCTION OF
BRIDGE IS TOO EASY.

LOTS OF LAND AND TIME IS SAVED.

MAIN PURPOSES
1.IN ROAD TRAFFICS
2.IN SEWERS
3.IN MININGS
4.IN RAIL TRAFFICS
5.IN HYDROELECTRIC
STATIONS etc.

The process for bored tunnelling

involves all or some of the following
operations:
Probe drilling (when needed)
Grouting (when needed)
Excavation (or blasting)
Supporting
Transportation of muck
Lining or coating/sealing
Draining
Ventilation

PROBE DRILLING

This

type of drilling is done in order to

find out suitable method for drilling .

It

consist of drilling in sample, by various

method to find most suitable .

It

is necessary part of all drilling

operation .

GROUTING
It

is the process of providing additional

support to drilled mine.

It

is done by a liquid called grout ,consist

of water ,cement ,color tint and sometime
fine gravel .

Good

surface is achieved .

EXCAVATION
Excavation

is the digging and recording of

artifacts at an archaeological site.

It

is necessary to know the archaeological

importance of a site before digging .

This

is performed by experts in a scientific way.

Many

governments grants permission for

tunneling after finding a go certificate in
excavation.

SUPPORTING

After

initial mining , tunnel need supports

for further processing .

For

the sake of life a perfect planning is

needed for support.

In

ancient time timber and masonry were the

main methods.

Today

support is provided by injecting final

pipe or building it completely before further
tunneling

TRANSPORTATION OF MUCK
In

ancient time transportation was done

by steam engine and by Manual transport.

Today

it is done by modern methods and

process is automatic .

TBMs

are also come with proper

arrangment for the transport of muck.

LINING OR COATING
Lining

of proper material is done by

modern methods like polishing ,painting
to prevent wear and tear and corrosion.

Very

necessary part where corrosive

metals are being used.

DRAINING
Draining

is the process to remove the

water or other liquid from working site .

Very

high.

important where water level is very

Pumps

and pipes are used for this

purpose.

VENTILATION

Proper ventilation is required for safety of

workers.

This

is done by proper checking of oxygen

and other parameters .

Proper

installations for exit of hazardous

gasses coming out from tunneling .

tunnel construction methods:

Classical methods
Cut-and-cover
Drill and blast
Tunnel boring machines (TBMs)
Immersed tunnels
Tunnel jacking
Other methods .

Classical Methods

Among the classical methods are the

Belgian, English, German, Austrian,
Italian and American systems. These
methods had much in common with
early mining methods and were used
until last half of the 19th century.
Excavation was done by hand or simple
drilling equipment.
Supports were predominantly timber,
and transportation of muck was done
on cars on narrow gauge tracks and
powered by steam.
Progress was typically in multiple
stages i.e. progress in one drift, then
support, then drift in another drift, and
so on.
The lining would be of brickwork.
These craft-based methods are no
longer applicable, although some of
their principles have been used in
combination up to present day.
Nevertheless some of the worlds great

The English method (crown-bar

method, figure left) started from
a central top heading which
allowed two timber crown bars to
be hoisted into place, the rear
ends supported on a completed
length of lining, the forward ends
propped within the central
heading. Development of the
heading then allowed additional
bars to be erected around the
perimeter of the face with boards
between each pair to exclude the
ground. The system is
economical in timber, permits
construction of the arch of the
tunnel in full-face excavation,
and is tolerant of a wide variety
of ground conditions, but
depends on relatively low ground

The Austrian (cross-bar)

method required a strongly
constructed central bottom
heading upon which a crown
heading was constructed. The
timbering for full-face
excavation was then heavily
braced against the central
headings, with longitudinal
poling boards built on timber
bars carried on each frame of
timbering. As the lining
advanced, so was the timbering
propped against each length to
maintain stability. The method
was capable of withstanding
high ground pressures but had
high demand for timber.

The German method (core-leaving method) provided a series of

box headings within which the successive sections of the side walls
of the tunnel were built from the footing upwards, thus a forerunner
of the system of multiple drifts. The method depends on the central
dumpling being able to resists without excessive movement pressure
transmitted from the side walls, in providing support to the top 'key'
heading prior to completion of the arch and to ensuring stability
while the invert arch is extended in sections.
The Belgian system (underpinning or flying arch method) started
from the construction of a top heading, propped approximately to
the level of the springing of the arch for a horseshoe tunnel. This
heading was then extended to each side to permit construction of
the upper part of the arch, which was extended by under- pinning,
working from side headings. The system was only practicable where
rock loads were not heavy.
The first sizeable tunnel in soft ground was the Tronquoy tunnel on
the St Quentin canal in France in 1803, where the method of
construction, based on the use of successive headings to construct
sections of the arch starting from the footing, was a forerunner to
the German system described above.

ROAD HEADERS

CUT AND COVER METHOD

CUT & COVER METHOD

The principal problem to be solved in connection with

this construction method is to how to maintain surface
traffic, with the least disturbance during the
construction period. One method is to restrict traffic to a
reduced street width, another to direct traffic to a
bypassing street.
Another way of supporting the sidewalls of open trenches
is to substitute sheet-pile walls by concrete curtain walls
cast under bentonite slurry (ICOS method), and using
steel struts. This is especially a requisite in narrower
streets trimmed with old sensitive buildings with their
foundation plane well above the bottom level of the pit.
This type of trench wall becomes a requirement for
maintenance of surface traffic due to the anticipation of
vibration effects potentially harmful to the stability of
buildings with foundations lying on cohesionless soils.

DRILL AND

BLAST
1.Before the advent of
tunnel boring machines,drilling and
blastingwas the only economical way of
excavating longtunnelsthrough hard
rock, where digging is not possible.
2.Even today, the method is still used in
the construction of tunnels.

HOW DRILL AND BLAST IS BEING DONE.

MECHANICAL DRILLING AND CUTTINGCRUSHING STRENGTH OF ROCK

TBM
In

various size Tunnel Boring

Machines(TBM) are used for drilling a
vast type of tunnels .

Transportation

of muck , supporting and

all other actions are done automatically.

Very

useful in boring tunnel where all

other methods fail.

main method in use in now a days.

IMMERSED TUNNELS
1.THIS TYPE OF TUNNELS ARE
PARTLY OR WHOLLY ARE
UNDERWATWER.
2.THEY DO NOT BLOCK THE
ROOT FOR SHIPS SO THERE IS
NO PROBLEM OF
CONGESSION OF TRAFFIC AS
IN CASE OF BRIDGES OVER
RIVERS OR SEAS.

TUNNEL JACKING
1.IT IS A PROCESS TO MAKE
TUNNELS IN ALREADY
EXISTING BOADIES SUCH AS
ROADS ,RAILWAYS.
2.IN THIS METHOD ESPECIALLY
MADE PIPES ARE PUSHED BY A
HYDRAULIC RAM IN GROUND .
3.MAXIMUM DIAMETER OF
TUNNEL BY THIS METHOD IS
AROUND 2.4 METER.

The choice of tunnelling

method may be dictated by:
geological and hydrological conditions,
cross-section and length of continuous tunnel,
local experience and time/cost considerations (what is
the value of time in the project),
limits of surface disturbance, and many others factors.
Tunnel methods .
Required speed of construction.
Shape of tunnel.
Managing the risk of variations in ground quality

THE OTHER SIDE

Beside

of many security measures ,

tunnelling is still not full proof.

Failure

of automatic system will cause

deadly results as depicted in Hollywood
flick Die Hard 4.0.

High

cost than bridges , but more fruitful

from previous.

QUERIES PLEASE !!!!