Chapter 4.

Digital Transmission
1.
2.
3.
4.

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Line Coding
Block Coding
Sampling
Transmission Mode

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Line Coding

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Signal Level vs. Data Level

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Example
1. A signal has two data levels with a pulse duration of 1 ms.
We calculate the pulse rate and bit rate as follows:

Pulse Rate = 1/ 10-3= 1000 pulses/s

Bit Rate = Pulse Rate x log2 L = 1000 x log2 2 = 1000 bps

2. A signal has four data levels with a pulse duration of 1

ms. We calculate the pulse rate and bit rate as follows:

Pulse Rate = = 1000 pulses/s

Bit Rate = PulseRate x log2 L = 1000 x log2 4 = 2000 bps

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DC Component

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Lack of Synchronization

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Line Coding Schemes

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Unipolar
One polarity: one level of signal voltage
Simple, but two problems
DC component : It cannot travel through microwave or
transformer
Synchronization : Consecutive 0s and 1s are hard to be
synchronized Separate line for a clock pulse

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Polar
Two polarity: two levels of voltage
Problem of DC component is alleviated (NRZ,RZ)
or eliminated (Biphaze)

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NRZ
NRZ-L (Non Return to Zero-Level)
Level of signal is dependent upon the state of the bit

NRZ-I (Non Return to Zero-Invert)

Signal is inverted if a 1 is encountered

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RZ
Provides synchronization for consecutive 0s/1s
Signal changes during each bit
Three values (+, -, 0) are used
Bit 1: positive-to-zero transition
Bit 0: negative-to-zero transition

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Biphase
Best existing solution for synchronization
Signal transition during a bit between two polarities
Manchester
Used for Ethernet LAN
Bit 1: negative-to-positive transition
Bit 0: positive-to-negative transition

Differential Manchester
Used for Token-ring LAN
Bit 1: no transition at the beginning of a bit
Bit 0: transition at the beginning of a bit

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Manchester Encoding

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Differential Manchster Encoding

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Bipolar
Three levels of voltage
Bit 0: zero voltage, bit 1: alternating +1/-1
(Note) In RZ, zero voltage has no meaning

Bipolar coding schemes

AMI (Alternate Mark Inversion)
B8ZS (Bipolar 8 Zero Substitution)

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Bipolar AMI

Bit 1: alternating positive and negative voltages

DC component is zero
Sequence of 1s stays synchronized
Pseudoternary encoding: Bit 0 alternates

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B8ZS
Used in North America
Updated version of AMI
Synchronization of a long sequence of 0s as well as
1s
Violations (artificial signal changes) within 8 or
more consecutive 0s
Positive+00000000 Positive+000PN0NP
Negative+00000000 Negative+000NP0PN
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Example: B8ZS Encoding

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Other Schemes: 2B1Q

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Other Schemes: MLT-3

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Block Coding

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Substitution in Block Coding

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4B/5B Encoding
Data

Code

Data

Code

0000

11110

1000

10010

0001

01001

1001

10011

0010

10100

1010

10110

0011

10101

1011

10111

0100

01010

1100

11010

0101

01011

1101

11011

0110

01110

1110

11100

0111

01111

1111

11101

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8B/6T

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Sampling: Analog-to-Digital Conversion

Analog information (e.g., voice) digital signal
(e.g., 10001011)
Codec(Coder/Decoder): A/D converter

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PAM
Pulse Amplitude Modulation
Sampling an analog signal: sample & hold
The first step of PCM

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PCM
Pulse Code Modulation
Four processes to create a complete digital signal

Sampling an analog signal: PAM

Quantization: Assigning integral values
Binary encoding: Translating into binary values
Digital encoding: Digital-to-digital conversion

Used to digitize voice in T-line transmission in

North America

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Quantized PAM Signal

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Quantizing by using Sign and Magnitude

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PCM

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From Analog Signal to PCM Digital Code

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Sampling Rate
How many samples are sufficient?
<Nyquist theorem> The sampling rate must be at least
twice the highest frequency
Data rate = sampling rate * bits/sample

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Transmission Mode

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Parallel Transmission
Use n wires to send n bits at one time synchronously
Advantage: speed
Disadvantage: cost Limited to short distances

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Serial Transmission

On communication channel
Advantage: reduced cost
Parallel/serial converter is required
Two ways: asynchronous or synchronous

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Asynchronous Transmission

Use start bit (0) and stop bits (1s)

A gap between two bytes: idle state or stop bits
It means asynchronous at byte level
Must still be synchronized at bit level
Good for low-speed communications (terminal)

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Synchronous Transmission

Bit stream is combined into frames

Special sequence of 1/0 between frames: No gap
Timing is important in midstream
Byte synchronization in the data link layer
Advantage: speed high-speed transmission

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