INTRODUCTION

In

optics, a ray is an idealized narrow beam

of light. Rays are used to model the
propagation of light through an optical
system, by dividing the real light field up into
discrete rays that can be computationally
propagated through the system by the
techniques of ray tracing.

REFLECTION OF LIGHT

It is a phenomenon of change in the

path of light without any change in
medium.

The reflection of
Mount Hood in
Trillium Lake.

LAWS OF REFLECTION
The laws of reflection are as follows:
The incident ray, the reflected ray and the
normal to the reflection surface at the point
of the incidence lie in the same plane.
The angle which the incident ray makes
with the normal is equal to the angle which
the reflected ray makes to the same
normal.

Reflection through
Spherical Mirrors

Concave Mirror

Convex Mirror

REFRACTION OF
LIGHT

It is the phenomenon of change of light,

when it goes from one medium to
another.
Refraction is described by Snells law,
which states that the angle of incidence is
related to sin
thei angle
n of refraction by
sin r

n1

where
n1 and n2 are the refractive indices

REAL AND APPARENT

DEPTHS

A pencil in a bowl of water appears

shallower than what it actually is. This
is on account of refraction of light.
Real depth
=
Apparent depth

nw

Refraction through Lenses

Concave Lens

Convex Lens

Lenses

It is a portion of a transparent refracting

medium bound by two spherical surface
or one spherical and other plane surface.

Types of Lenses:

Biconvex lens
Plano-convex lens
Biconcave lens
Plano-concave Lens

PRISM

A prism is a portion
of a transparent
medium bounded
by two plane faces
inclined to each
other at a suitable
angle.

DISPERSION OF LIGHT

It is a
phenomenon of
splitting of a beam
of white light into
its constituent
colours on passing
through a prism.

White
Light

OPTICAL INSTUMENTS

Ey
The eye is far more
e:

delicate and perfect

than the finest
photographic camera
designed so far. The
essential parts of the
eye are shown.

Defects of Vision
Myopia (Short Sightedness)
Hypermetropia (Long
Sightedness)
Presbyopia (Old Sight)
Astigmatism
Phorias

Simple Microscope

It is used for observing magnified

images of tiny objects.

The course of rays

through a simple
microscope is
shown. F,F are the
principle foci and C is
the optical centre of
the convex lens.

Magnifying Power of Simple

Microscope:
The

magnifying power of Simple

Microscope is defined as the ratio of the
angles subtended by the image and the
object on the eye.
The magnifying power is given by:

m=

1+

d
f

Compound Microscope

It is an optical instrument used for

observing highly magnified images of
tiny objects.

It consists of two
converging lenses.
The course of rays
through a compound
microscope is shown.

Magnifying Power of Compound

Microscope:
The

magnifying power of Compound

Microscope is defined as the ratio of the
angle subtended by the final image to the
angle subtended at the eye by the object.
The magnifying power is given by:

v0
m=
u0

1+

d
fe

Astronomical Telescope

It is an optical instrument which is

used for observing images of heavenly
bodies like stars, planets etc.

The course of rays

when the final
image is formed at
the least distance
of distant vision
from the eye.

Magnifying Power of Astronomical

Telescope:
The

magnifying power of Astronomical

Telescope is defined as the ratio of the
angle subtended by the final image to the
angle subtended at the eye by the object
at infinity, when seen directly.
The magnifying power is given by:

m=

f0
fe

1+

)
d
fe

Thank You
Presented by :ABHISHEK &
PAWAN
Xii Sci
FAITH ACADEMY
2008-09