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OF SURGICAL
SEMIOLOGY
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CONTENTS
EXIT
Incisions
Surgical suture
Surgical drainage
Bandage
Bandaging
Digestive probes
Preparing the colon
Enema
Vesical probing
Attending the stomies
The surgical instrument
Bibliography
Instructions of use
PREPARATION
Aspect
Clean aspect the negligent beard or haircut creates
a very bad impression since the beginning;
decent clothing (a too short skirt or a dirty pair of
jeans will significantly distance you from the image of
future doctor);
The shoes must not be dirty with mud, dust etc.
White, clean gown, without spots (or you risk to be
mistaken with the cleaning personnel);
Devices (compulsory) : tensiometer and stethoscope.
Internship copybook, writing tools (compulsory)
BACK
BACK
General organization
Clinic I - II Surgery Sf.
Spiridon Hospital Iai
CONTENTS
GENERAL ORGANIZATION
The ambulatory
The in-patient unit
The operating theatre
The sterilizing unit
BACK
THE AMBULATORY
It is an integrating part of each service, ensuring the medical care without the patient's
hospitalization.
At this level the medical specialty examination is performed, the diagnosis is established
(including by paraclinical explorations), the appropriate therapy is indicated and applied
*in simple cases), and in the most difficult cases the hospitalization is programmed and
even the surgical intervention, afterwards this service taking over the post-operatory
directly observed therapy of patients.
The ambulatory must be organized in such a manner as to cover all these activities,
therefore it must comprise: the examination room, the room of small interventions and a
registration-archive.
The examination room must be equipped with a couch, a gynecological table, a source of
light, a carriage for the medical equipment , sanitary materials and cupboards for them.
The operating room from the ambulatory must have the same equipment with that of the
operating theatre (operating table, scialitic lamp, instrument table, anesthesia apparatus,
medical Aspirator, electrical bistoury) and to accomplish the same architectural conditions,
of heating, illumination and ventilation as the latter.
The Archive must comprise the medical documents of each patient who was examined,
investigated and tested at the ambulatory level, for a correct directly observed therapy
even if the medical file of each patient is archived by the family physician
The doctors who work in the ambulatory should also work in the in-patient unit. They would
have a program in the in-patient unit and a periodical one in the ambulatory. Thus, they
can examine their patients, establish the diagnosis, schedule for hospitalization and
surgery and send to directly-observed therapy after surgery.
BACK
BACK
In all the classical manuals, the patient rooms are described from the
point of view of architectonic and equipment characteristics.
We must mention that, although this data remains valid, we must
respect other principles as well, and namely those regarding the
comfort and privacy of the patient. Thus, the rooms of 1-2 beds are
preferable, and in the case of large rooms, their boxing. The rooms will
be equipped, besides the bed, with bed table, table and chair,
installations for the medical fluids: and other facilities (bathroom,
telephone, radio, television).
In these conditions, the existence of dining halls, or bandage rooms is
no longer necessary. These, especially the bandage rooms are
necessary for carrying out some intervention maneuvers or particular
explorations.
Reducing the number of stationary beds can be compensated by their
rational use and the fast flow of patients.
For the good collaboration of the two sectors of the surgical service
the ambulatory and the in-patient unit- they must have the same
superior medical personnel.
The in-patient unit must be seen as an accommodation space (hotel)
of high quality, where the patients must benefit from the best
THE OPERATING
THEATRE
The filter room
The surgery preparation room
The operating room
The induction and wakeup room
The room for preparing the surgical
instruments
Depositing rooms
BACK TO
GENERAL
ORGANIZATION
Architectural conditions: insulation, dimensions, construction materials, illumination installations, ventilation, heating and communication equipment,
circuits of the personnel and patients, possibilities of cleaning and maintenance;
Equipped with furniture and devices: operating table, surgical lamps, anesthetics and monitoring apparatuses, tables for instruments; Aspirator, electrical
bistoury, cupboards/shelves for instruments sanitary materials and anesthetics;
The operating room must not communicate directly with the exterior, it must have dimensions so that to allow the placement of the furniture, apparatus,
and of the presence of the operating team, anesthetic doctors and afferent medical personnel;
The presence of other persons in the operating room is prohibited. The interested persons (residents, students) can watch the operatory act from a
special balcony or through a television system with closed circuit;
The construction materials used for the operating room (as of the entire operating theatre) must allow a cleaning and disinfection as easy and correct as
possible;
The artificial illuminating installation will support the lack of natural light.
The artificial heating and ventilation will be achieved through air conditioning system that ensure temperatures of 20-22 C and a humidity of 40-60 % ,
thus preventing the contamination of the air from the operating room.
The communications between the different departments of the operating theatre and with the exterior are ensured by phone, interphone and different
signaling systems.
The cleaning and disinfection of the operating room must be achieved daily and in accordance with the asepsis and antisepsis rules provided in the
operating theatre documents,
The access and evacuation circuits in the operating theatre and in the operating room are different for the patients and the medical personnel. They
must be strictly respected. Thus, in the operating room, only the operative team already trained, the personnel of the room (one-two registered nurses
and a nurse), the anesthetic team must be present.
The patient is brought into the operating room after having been put to sleep in the induction room.
The surgical instruments, the medical and anesthetic materials are prepared in the operating room or in its proximity, easily accessible. After use, they
will follow a separated circuit towards the sterilization unit or towards the crematory.
Out of prudence, the medical materials offered to the operating team and the used ones will be registered.
The operating table is special, multi-articulate, allowing different positions of the patient according to the necessities of the operating act.
Due to some accessories, it facilitates the operating gestures. It must allow the carryout of some intraoperative radiological explorations.
The table of instruments allows the preparation and display of the instruments necessary for the operating act.
The source of light (scialitic lamps, lights) of different models must ensure a good light in the operating field and be easy to operate according to the
necessities of the surgical act.
The anesthesia apparatus and the monitors will ensure the anesthesia and the monitoring of the vital functional parameters of the patient during the
anesthesia and for resuscitation gestures,
For the operatory gestures, the aspiration apparatuses and electrical bistoury are necessary.
The modern operating rooms ensure, through centralized installations, both the oxygen admission and aspiration.
THE STERILIZING
UNIT
Absolutely compulsory, even in the current conditions when more and more
disposable equipment and medical materials are used, this component of the
medical service can exist whether as an independent unit within the hospital, or
as a component of the operating theatre.
It must comprise rooms for the preparation of medical materials and equipment
for sterilization (if they do not exist in the operating theatre); rooms with
sterilizing apparatus (autoclaves, drying chambers, installation of vapor
production) and rooms (with cupboards and shelves) for depositing the sterile
equipment and materials.
Such a sterilizing unit must have a reception for the receipt and issuance of
sterile materials, so that the access into the unit space is allowed only for the
persons who work at this level.
The constructive characteristics (construction materials and especially finishing
materials) and the equipment must be identical with those from the operating
theatre.
BACK
DEFINITION
A general principle that consists in the systematic avoiding of the
contamination of surgical wounds and secondary infection of
burns and wounds
It includes methods and rules that prevent the wound
contamination and infection
These rules and methods address all the possible vectors of the
microbial germs to the surgery wounds, equipment, textile
materials, hands, clothes, syringes, probes, medicines, air from
the operating room etc.)
Methods : sterilization, disinfection of live tissues
The rules generally refer to the behavior of the personnel that
handles the sterile materials: surgeons, registered nurses from the
operating theatre or bandage rooms, the students involved in the
therapeutic act or just the watchers.
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CONTENTS
STERILIZATION
DEFINITION
STERILIZATION
PHYSICAL MEANS
HEAT
ULTRAVIOLET RADIATIONS
IONIZING RADIATIONS
ULTRASOUNDS
FILTRATION
BACK
BACK
STERILIZATION
THROUGH DRY HEAT
BUCKLING
INCINERATION
HOT AIR OVEN
BUCKLING
The passage through flame of the metallic or
glass objects in view of sterilizing them
Sterilizing the phials before aspirating their
contents into the syringe, test tubes, metallic
handles (microbiology)
Disadvantage the fast degradation of metallic
instruments, especially the cutting ones
INCINERA TION
The complete destruction by burning of
the waste with biological risk
It is applied in the crematories found in
all the hospitals
Device
Sterilization parameters
Check
Indications
Advantages
Disadvantages
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DEVICE
160 C for 1h
170 C for 40
180 C for 20
In our country: 180 C for 30-40
OPERATING THEATRE
FILTER ROOM
OPERATING ROOM
Anesthesia apparatus
Scialitic lamp
Cautery
Ultraviolet lamp
Aspirator
Operating table
Aspirator
Operating room
OTHER EQUIPMENTS
Turn
For the minimally invasive surgery
THE
STERILIZATION
HUMID
It is the THROUGH
most efficient sterilization
method
The firstHEAT
form of sterilization through humid
THE AUTOCLAVE
Device
Sterilization parameters
Check
Indications
Advantages
Disadvantages
BACK
THE AUTOCLAVE
DEVICE
With the help of a vacuum air pump, the air from the autoclave is
evacuated, which is resistant to pressure and is closed air-proof
achieving an thermal insulation from the environment
Through an admission pump, water vapors are introduced under
pressure, which will lift to the surface allowing the evacuation in
successive stages of the air that descends in the inferior part of
the autoclave
After obtaining the vacuum, the vapor admission is continued until
the obtaining od the set sterilizing parameters
The time, pressure and temperature of sterilization are variable
according to the type of the autoclave and the sterilized materials
(quantity, quality and their dimensions)
At the end of the sterilization, the vacuum air pump will evacuate
the water vapors from the autoclave, introducing a jet of filtered
cold air, with role of drying the sterilized material
The carriage for introducing and removing the materials from the autoclave
AUTOCLAVE
Regulation buttons of temperature and pressure
The Autoclave
TH AUTOCLAVE
STERILIZATION PARAMETERS
24 hours validity
Pressure
temperature
1 atm
120C
2 atm
136C
3 atm
144C
THE AUTOCLAVE
CHECK
THE AUTOCLAVE
INDICATIONS
THE AUTOCLAVE
ADVANTAGES
THE AUTOCLAVE
DISADVANTAGES
Technical breakdowns
Rapid degradation of the corrosive
metallic instruments
S TERILIZATION THROUGH
IONIZING RADIATIONS
(GAMMA)
DEVICE: container with pre-packed material on
which a radiation of 2.5 up to 5 Mrad (Celsius
137 or Cobalt 60) is projected
CHECK : measuring the radiation level
INDICATIONS: any medical material
ADVANTAGES: large quantities of pre-packed
material is sterilized, reduced costs under
continuous functioning conditions
Disadvantages: the irradiation, formation of
toxic compounds with ethylenoxide
Used only in the industrial environment
THE ULTRASOUND
STERILIZATION
The high-frequency ultrasounds in liquid
medium cavitation phenomenon
mechanical rupture of the cellular
membrane of microorganisms
Indications: especially for the sterilization
of the dental equipment
STERILIZATION THROUGH
FILTRATION
THE STERILIZATION
CHEMICAL MEANS
THE STERILIZATION
WITH
FORMALDELHYDE
DEVICE: special container where a depression of 50 mmHg is
achieved for 10 minutes which evacuates the air, followed by the
VAPORS
introduction of water vapors at 90C vegetative bacteria.
THE STERILIZATION
WITH ETHYLENOXIDE
VAPORS
Device
Check
Indications
Advantages
Disadvantages
THE STERILIZATION
WITH ETHYLENOXIDE
The ethylenoxide requires depositing in metallic
containers at
VAPORS
small pressure because it boils at the temperature of 10.7 C
DEVICE
THE STERILIZATION
WITH ETHYLENOXIDE
VAPORS
CHECK
THE STERILIZATION
WITH ETHYLENOXIDE
VAPORS
Plastic materials
INDICATIONS
Thermally fragile materials: catheters,
endoscopes, cystoscopes, plastic tubes,
aspiration probes, Blakemore probes,
ophthalmological instruments, arterial
grafts
Wood, paper
The industrial or hospital use
THE STERILIZATION
WITH ETHYLENOXIDE
VAPORS
THE STERILIZATION
WITH ETHYLENOXIDE
VAPORS
THE STERILIZATION
THROUGH
Used in hospitals or dispensaries IMMERSION
DEVICE: the instruments are immersed for a minimum period of
THE
OF
DISINFECTION
LIVE TISSUES
THE DISINFECTION OF
LIVING TISSUES
THE SURGEONS HANDS
THE DISINFECTION OF
LIVING TISSUES
SURGEONS HANDS
Antiseptic solution
Sandglass
Taps with
sterile water
for
disinfecting
the
surgeons
THE DISINFECTION OF
LIVING TISSUES
THE PATIENTS SKIN
STERILIZATION
RULES
R
ULES FOR THE STERILIZATION OF THE O
PERATING ROOM
RULES FOR THE PREPARATION OF THE STE
RILIZATION MATERIALS
STERILIZING THE
OPERATING ROOM
PREPARING THE SURFACES
STERILIZING THE
OPERATING ROOM
PREPARING THE AIR
The air must enter the room from the superior side
and be evacuated through the inferior side. The
admission inlet is in the center of the room, above
the table, without blowing the air directly onto the
patient. The evacuation will be made through the
lateral sides
The air circulated through the operating rooms
requires a special filtering process both at the
entry and at the exit of the operating room. There
are high-performance apparatuses that can even
obtain sterile air
STERILIZING THE
OPERATING ROOM
PREPARING THE AIR
Washing
Ironing
Folding according to
the standard
technique
Positioning into
metallic containers or
packed individually in
paper
Autoclaving
RUBBER GLOVES
Meticulous washing
Drying
Applying French chalk
Introducing gloves of textile material
into the interior
Autoclaving or ethylenoxide vapors
EVALUATING THE
SURGICAL PATIENT
EVALUATING THE
SURGICAL PATIENT
CONTENTS
On-duty room
Death
Cardiorespiratory resuscitation
AIC
Successful resuscitation
In-patient unit
Stabilization
Investigations
Preparation for surgery
Investigations
Preparation for surgery
Operating room
Morgue
ELECTIVE SURGERY
Surgical disorder
Usual investigations
Surgical and anestheological consultation
Hospitalization
Additional investigations
Specific preparation
Staff
Staff
Operating room
Motivation:
Financial: the high cost of hospitalization,
consume of expensive medical materials
Personal: the patients desire to be in the
family environment and not in the hospital,
the socio-professional reintegration as soon
as possible
Medical: patients with a good medical
education
Hospital
release
In-house monitoring
PRE-OPERATORY
EVALUATION
Any hospitalized patient will have an observation sheet that
needs to be completed after a complete clinical examination
Appropriate paraclinical explorations are necessary,
corresponding to each case, the assessment of all the
associated disorders, establishing the anesthetic risk and
Choosing the therapeutic behavior (the operatory moment,
the type of anesthesia and the type of surgical intervention
that the patient will be submitted to)
It would be very useful that the family doctor has a medical
file for each patient, file that the attending physician must
have access to, at hospitalization
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THE PREOPERATORY
EVALUATION
OBSERVATION SHEET
THE PRE-OPERATORY
EVALUATION
OBSERVATION SHEET
THE PRE-OPERATORY
EVALUATION
GENERAL DATA
Comprise:
Identification data: surname, first name, sex,
date of birth, age, address, telephone number,
job
Hospitalization place: hospital, clinic
Hospitalization period: date of hospitalization,
date of hospital release
Allergic to.
Blood group and Rh
THE PRE-OPERATORY
EVALUATION
DIAGNOS IS
THE PRE-OPERATORY
EVALUATION
ANAMNESIS
It must be performed in such a manner as to obtain the patients trust to
tell us the most detailed information
Reasons for hospitalization: all the objective and subjective problems that
the patient speaks of will be enumerated
Physiological personal antecedents: they are important especially in the
case of women, providing information regarding the first menstruation, the
date of the last menstruation, the number of pregnancies, the number of
births, and abortions (spontaneous, therapeutic or at request), the state of
fetuses at birth, the lactation
Pathological personal antecedents: you will have to obtain data from the
patient regarding any disorder he suffered from previously (allergies,
infections, surgical interventions, degenerative diseases, neoplasias)
Family history antecedents: they present a special importance especially
in the case of transmittable diseases or with generic predisposition (atopy,
neoplasia, metabolic diseases, infections)
Life conditions, customs and work: the dwelling place (important in the
case of a family in which a member has a transmittable disease
tuberculosis), alimentary habits the predisposition towards certain
pathologies- obesity), smoking (the number of cigarettes a day and the
period since when they have been smoking), the alcohol consume (grams
of alcohol 100% expressed per day or weeks), drugs, birth control pills, or
the working place (toxic environment, allergic, carcinogenic substances,
intense physical effort)
PREOPERATORY
EVALUATION
HISTORY
PREOPERATORY
EVALUATION
ON BODY SEGMENTS
LOCAL EXAMINATION
PREOPERATORY EVALUATION
THE GENERAL PHYSICAL
EXAMINATION
PREOPERATORY
EVALUATION
GENERAL STATE
Can be : serious, influenced, good
The patients aspect : scarred patient, tormented with
pain peritonitis
Attitude: Paralysis, opisthotonus tetanus, supporting
the traumatized limb with the healthy one
Facies: hypocratic (pale, with dark circles, pointed
nose, prominent cheek) peritonitis
Walking: ataxic tabetic lesions
Nutrition state: disassimilation, normal weight , obesity
(IMC=Gx100/T)
Conscious state: cooperant, temporo-spatially oriented,
somnolent, obnubilated, coma
PREOPERATORY
EVALUATION
PREOPERATORY
EVALUATION
PREOPERATORY
EVALUATION
PREOPERATORY
EVALUATION
PREOPERATIVE
EVALUATION
OSTEO-ARTICULAR SYSTEM
PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION
GENERAL PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
ON APPARATUSES AND SYSTEMS
PREOPERATIVE
EVALUATION
PREOPERATIVE
EVALUATION
PREOPERATIVE
EVALUATION
PREOPERATIVE
EVALUATION
PREOPERATIVE
EVALUATION
ON BODY SEGMENTS
A more cursive and elegant method to examine
the patient than the classic examination ON
APPARATUSES AN SYSTEMS
Modalities of perfomance
Sitting down
Clinostatism
Orthostatism
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PREOPERATIVE
EVALUATION
SITTING DOWN
Chephalic extremity : teguments, conjunctiva
mucous, implantation of exoskeletons,
ganglions, photomotor reflex, sinus points
(frontal and maxillary), mouth cavity (mucous,
dentition, dentures, tonsils), thyroid gland
Thorax: respiratory apparatus, heart
ascultation, exploration of mammary gland,
adenopathies (axillary, supraclavicular), spine
Lumbuses: urogenital apparatus, examination
of lumbar spine
PREOPERATIVE
EVALUATION
CLINOSTATISM
Thorax: cardiovascular apparatus
Abdomen: digestive apparatus, week
abdominal points, inguinal region
Lumbar region: palpation of renal lodges,
urethral points
Limbs: inspection, passive and active mobility,
osteotendinous reflexes, pulse and peripheral
sensitivity
Rectal and vaginal palpation
PREOPERATIVE
EVALUATION
ORTHOSTATISM
Balance
Gait
Varices
Hernial regions
PREOPERATIVE
EVALUATION
LOCAL EXAM
PREOPERATIVE
EVALUATION
PARACLINIC EXPLORATIONS
PREOPERATIVE
EVALUATION
PARACLINIC EXPLORATIONS
ROUTINE EXPLORATIONS
Biological
Hemoleucogram (hemoglobin, hematocrit, trombocyes,
leukocytes, leukocyte formula)
Glycaemia, urea, creatinine
Coagulation tests (bleeding time, coagulation time, prothrombin
time, fibirin degradation products)
Hepatic tests, total proteins
RBW (syphillis), viral serology for AIDS and hepatitis
Urine test, urine elimination in 24h
Imagistic and functional
Chest X-Ray (radiography)
Simple abdominal radiography
Abdominal echography
EKG
PREOPERATIVE
EVALUATION
PARACLINIC EXPLORATIONS
SPECIAL EXPLORATIONS
They have to be as targeted as possible and to offer a complete and clear
image of each patient
Biological:
Ionogram: Na+, K+, Cl -, alkaline reserve
Hepatic tests: hepatocytolisis syndrome (TGP, TGO, GGT, alkaline
phosphatasis, iron content in blood), hepatoprive syndrome
(fibrinogen, total lipids, cholesterol), serum proteins electrophoresis,
biliary function, (total direct and indirect bilirubin)
Amylasaemia, amylasuria
Hemocultures, urocultures
Imagistic and functional:
Echocardiography, respiratory tests, eso-gastro-duodenal
radiography with contrast substance, irigography, fistulography,
cavitatography, CT, IRM, scintigram, endoscopy, biopsy puncture,
diagnostic laparoscopy
SURGICAL INTERVENTION
To write down:
Number of the operatory protocol
Operatory diagnosis
Operation description
Type of anesthesia
Operatory team
EPICRISIS
It is a summary of the entire observation sheet
and it must include:
Discharge reasons
Explorations performed and their results
(medicated and surgical) Treatments taken
Evolution
Recommendations and discharge
TEMPERATURE SHEET
It represents a complete description of the
patients condition and evolution
To be written down daily :
Body temperature
Pulse
Blood pressure
Diuresis
Amount of drained fluids
Digestive aspiration
Administered medication
DEFINI TION
It is the method that uses a series of physical
or chemical means in order to destroy the
saprophyte or pathogen agents, to combat the
infection after it has been identified
PURPOSE AND PRINCIPLES
INDICATIONS
CONTRAINDICATIONS
ANTISEPTICS
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CONTENT
PURPOSE AND
PRINCIPLES
The purpose of the antiseptics is to destroy the
infectious agents from the wounds or teguments
Operation mode: they dissolve the bacterial
membrane or modify the macromolecules at this level
determining the destruction of the microorganism
Types of antiseptics:
Cytophilactic: they respect the integrity of the
organism cells
Cytotoxic: they destroy the organism cells
PURPOSE AND
PRINCIPLES
INDICATIONS
CONTRAINDICATION
S
The use of alcoholized, irritant or toxic substances in the wound (alcohol
denatures the proteins and determines the appearance of a protei c film which
favors the development of infection by preventing the antiseptic substances
from getting into the wound)
Only use substances indicated at the level of the mucuses (nasopharyngeal
mucous, oral mucosa, ocular mucous membrane) because they can be
absorbed in the systemic circulation resulting in intoxications or anaphylactic
shock
Vaginal lavages, enemas will only be perfo rmed with recommended
substances having the risk of irritations or ulcerations at this level
There will not be used to sterilize the instruments substances that only destroy
the vegetative forms of bacteria without destroying the bacterial spores, too
The patients with atopy need special attention when choosing the antiseptic
agent to be used (e.g.: allergic to iodine)
The iodine antiseptics shall not be used for the new-born child and the little
child (great capacity of iodine absorption )
ANTISEPTICS
CLASSIC
MODERN
CLASSIC
ANTISEPTICS
ANTISEPTICS WITH
ALCOHOL CONTENTS
EHTYL ALCOHOL 70:
PHOTO
ANTISEPTICS WITH
ALCOHOL CONTENTS
Ethyl alchool 70
ANTISEPTICS WHICH
LIBERATE CHLORINE
They have bactericidal action by liberating chlorine
as it is produced
DAKINS SOLUTION (SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE):
chemical scalpel of all sphaceluses and pus
To be administered in intermittent or continuous
irrigations
It dissolves and eliminates sphacelus es, clots
and pus
CHLORAMINE B SOLUTION 0.2-2%
More powerful action than Darkins solution
Local applications, continuous or intermittent PHOTO
irrigation, local baths
ANTISEPTICS WHICH
LIBERATE CHLORINE
Chloramine tablets
Chloramine solution
ANTISEPTICS WHICH
LIBERATE OXYGEN
There are substances which rapidly liberate a large quantity of oxygen
or after a while, a constant quantity but with a smaller volume
They determine the formation of hydrogen peroxide resulting in the
destruction of microorganisms
OXYGEN
Cytophilactic, hemostatic antiseptics
It melts and eliminates sphaceluses
OXYGENATED WATER
Cytophilactic, hemostatic solution
By effervescence it can eliminate foreign bodies from the wound
Disadvantages: it lyses the catgut, it delays the wound
cicatrization
BORIC ACID
It gradually liberates oxygen
Form of existence :
Crystals: wounds infected with pyocyanic bacillus
Solution 1-4% as antiphlogistic in ophthalmology and
dermatology
POTASSIUM
PERMANGANATE
POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE
SOLUTION 2-4%
Cytophilactic antiseptic
The only one in the group of colorant
substances that is still used
Indications: washing anfractuous wounds
with sphaceluses, cavities and ducts
(urethra, bladder), disinfecting baths
MODERN
ANTISEPTIC
Antiseptics based on phenols and derivaS
tes
Quaternary ammonium compounds
Biguanide antiseptics
Hypochlorites and dichloroisocyanurates
Iodides and iodoforms
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ANTISEPTICS BASED
ON PHENOLS AND
DERIVATES
PHENOL: it is not used anymore because it is
QUATERNARY
AMMONIUM
COMPOUNDS
Cytophilactic antiseptics but also having
BIGUANIDE
ANTISEPTICS
CHLORHEXIDINE
Indications: used to make aseptic the surgeons hands,
wounds, emergency disinfection of medical termolable
instruments (chlorhexidine 10% + alcohol 70 - 10 minutes)
Advantages: it can be diluted at the desired concentration, it is
not allergenic
Disavantages: it is not active on tuberculous bacilli, spores
and some viruses, it cannot be combined with soap
One of the most used antiseptics in surgery
BENZALKONIUM CHLORIDE
Bactericidal effect
Indications: to clean wounds, bladder, to make aseptic the
surgeons hands
Advantages: slightly irritant for skin
HYPOCLORITES AND
DICHLOROISOCYANURATE
S
IODIDES AND
IODOFORM (POVIDONE IODIDE) IODOFORMS
It liberates active iodine, it destroys funguses, bacteria
and their spores
Form of presentation: yellow crystals with strong smell,
solutions of various concentrations or associated with
detergents to increase the cleaning effect, spray
Indications: to clean wounds, for the preoperative
preparation of the patients tegument, lavage of natural
cavities and ducts, iodoform gauze, stomatology
Advantages: it doesnt need alcohol to be dissolved, it is
not irritant for skin and mucuses, it doesnt stain the
cloths it touches, it can be easily removed by washing it
The most often used antiseptic
VIDEO
PHOTO
IODIDES AND
IODOFORMS
DEFINI TION
All gestures and maneuvers used in
order to prepare the patient for a surgical
intervention
PURPOSE AND PRINCIPLES
INDICATIONS
CONTRAINDICATIONS
STAGES
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CONTENT
PURPOSE AND
PRINCIPLES
INDICA TIONS
Any surgical intervention carries some
risks, that is why it is necessary for any
patient that is going to undergo a surgical
intervention to receive psychological and
physical preparation specific to the
pathology and surgery he/she will
undergo
CONTRAINDICA TIONS
They are not absolute, concerning especially the
patients who need emergency surgery, when there is
no time for ideal psychological or physical preparation,
this being done as it goes depending on the general
condition of the patient
In case the patient is unconscious, they have to talk to
the patients family about his/her condition
The written agreement for the surgery has to be
urgently obtained from the patient or his/her relatives in
case he/she is unconscious
PREOPERATIVE
PREPARATION
PSYCHOLOGICAL PREPARATION
PHYSICAL PREPARATION
OPERATION TIME
PSYCHOLOGICAL
PRE PARATION
It will be done by the attending physician (the physician who will perform the
surgical intervention)
The patients information has to be very objective, informing him/her both on
the risks and benefits without trying to convince the patient to get operated
The decision to benefit from the surgical treatment is entirely up to the
patient, who will decide himself/herself for his/her life
In order to help the patient take a decision on the surgical act the patient is
recommended to consult another doctor, to have access to a second
opinion
The psychological preparation also has to inform the patient on the changes
that may appear after the surgery. So there may appear some mutilations
(iliac anus), infirmities (thigh amputation) which latter may need prosthesis,
transitory or definitive loss of sexual potency or metabolic or psychic
disorders (interventions on the endocrine glands)
A topic difficult to approach is the severe prognosis, the situation varying
from patient to patient. Some people insist on being informed on the
evolution and prognosis, whereas some other patients are not interested in
this aspect. It is recommended to answer according to the patients desire
to know more or less about the pathology he/she suffers from
PHYSICAL
PREPARATION
It includes:
GENERAL PREPARATION
SYSTEMIC PREPARATION
LOCAL PREPARATION
PREVENTION OF POSTOPERATIVE
COMPLICATIONS
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PHYSICAL PREPARATION
Hydroelectrolytic and acido-basic
GENERAL PREPARATION
balance
Nutritional preparation
PHYSICAL PREPARATION
GENERAL PREPARATION
NUTRITIONAL PREPARATION
It represents an important aspect of the preoperative
preparation because a denutrited patient cannot
epithelize and its immune system will be deficient, not
being able to defend itself against infections
It is recommended that whenever possible the patients
postoperative nutritional state should be the best
possible. In emergency situations when the patients
life depends upon the surgical intervention, the
nutritional recovery will be done after the operation
The nutritional recovery can be carried out in two ways:
parenteral route and enteral route
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PHYSICAL PREPARATION
GENERAL PREPARATION
PHYSICAL PREPARATION
GENERAL PREPARATION
PHYSICAL PREPARATION
SYSTEMIC PREPARATION
PHYSICAL PREPARATION
SYSTEMIC PREPARATION
HISTORY
>70 years
5p
10p
CARDIOVASCULAR APPARATUS
The score for establishing the risk
of postoperative cardiac morbidity
or mortality (table).
Maximum score is 53 points.
A score over 28 points
determines postponing the surgical intervention
Other risk factors: smoking, diabetes, blood
pressure, hyperlipaemia, unstable angina pectoris,
rhythm disorders, valvulopathies
CLINICAL EXAM
11p
3p
EKG
7p
7p
SURGERY
Emergency
4p
3p
PHYSICAL PREPARATION
SYSTEMIC PREPARATION
RESPIRATORY APPARATUS
It is useful for the patients with preexisting pulmonary
diseases, for old, obese, sick patients who will need
extended immobilization
There will be used bronchodilators, targeted antibiotherapy
Respiratory gymnastics is recommended especially to the
patients who are going to undergo a surgical intervention to
the upper abdominal level or thorax. It involves ample
respirations, deep inspiration followed by expulsion of the
inspired air into a water bottle by means of a perfusor tube,
tapotement with efficient coughing to eliminate secretions
Smoking is forbidden at least a week before surgery
(smokers have a state of chronic hypoxia)
PHYSICAL PREPARATION
SYSTEMIC PREPARATION
RENAL FUNCTION
The renal function which was affected after the surgery
results in a more difficult elimination of drugs
(anesthetics, nephrotoxic antibiotics), needing and
adjustment of the doses used
For patients who have diseases of the lower urinary tract,
in case of complicate surgeries, at the genital or rectal
level, it is recommended to put a catheter in the bladder
on the operating table after the patient was asleep. The
catheter will be kept till the spontaneous resumption of
mictions
PHYSICAL
PREPARATION
SYSTEMIC PREPARATION
HEPATIC FUNCTION
The disorders of the hepatic function manifest
themselves by blood coagulation disorders,
nutrition disorders which will determine
deficient cicatrization as well as metaboli zation
disorders of various substances with hepatic
elimination
It is necessary to assess hepatic excretion,
hepatic cytolysis, protein synthesis,
coagulation samples, etc.
Risk factors: denutrition, ascites, bilirubin >3mg
%ml, albumin < 3mg%ml
PHYSICAL PREPARATION
SYSTEMIC PREPARATION
NEUROLOGICAL
It is important to identify the neurological
pathology that may be aggravated by the
anesthesia
The patients with motor deficiency have
a higher risk of postoperative
complications
PHYSICAL PREPARATION
LOCAL PREPARATION
PHYSICAL PREPARATION
PHYSICAL PREPARATION
INFECTIONS
They determine a difficult postoperative recovery delaying the cicatrization, extending the
convalescence or even with the appearance of septicemia .
They may be prevented with a correct preoperative preparation depending on the surgery
that is going to be performed (skin, colon preparation, etc.)
Risk factors: old age, obesity, malnutrition, neoplastic problems, diabetes mellitus and its
complications, corticosteroid or immunosuppressor treatment, other infections,
radiotherapy, adrenocortical insufficiency
Necessary preparations: restoring nutritional status, balancing diabetes (glycaemia below
1,2g%ml), treatment of concomitant infections, solving the adrenocortical insufficiency,
prophylaxis with antibiotics, shaving the operating region on the morning of the surgery , etc
Indications for antibioprophylaxis:
Neck and head surgery with opening the upper air ways
Esophagus surgery (except for the hiatal hernia
Gastro-duodenal surgery except for uncontrolled hyperacidity
Surgery of biliary tract for patients with acute cholecystis, over 70 years old who need
choledocotomy
Bowel resections
Gangrenous acute appendicitis or peritonitis
Gynecological surgery
Prosthetic surgery for different organs: heart, hip, knee, valves, vessels
PHYSICAL PREPARATION
THROMBEMBOLISM
The risk of appearance of thromboembolisms
increases: if the duration of the intervention
exceeds one hour, obesity, blood
hypercoagulability, antecedent of vascular
thrombosis, pelvic surgery, treatment with oral
contraceptive pills
Prevention: elastic bandages on the lower limbs
to ensure higher return pressure, precocious
postoperative mobilization, prophylaxis with
anticoagulant medicines (normocoagulant dose)
PHYSICAL PREPARATION
ORGANIC INSUFFICIENCY
Respiratory apparatus: pneumonias, broncho-pneumonias,
respiratory insufficiency, respiratory distress syndrome
Heart system: rhythm disorders, cardiac insufficiency,
myocardial infarction
Hepatic function: coagulation disorders, hepatic
insufficiency
Urinary system: acute renal insufficiency
Neurological system: coma
The correct PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION allows
identifying the risk factors for these possible complications
and at the same time preventing their appearance by
measures specific to each system
SURGERY TIME
SURGERY TIME
ELECTIVE SURGERY
SURGERY TIME
EMERGENCY SURGERY
POSTOPERATIVE
CARE
DEFINITIONS
PURPOSE AND PRINCIPLES
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CONTENT
DEFINI TION
It varies depending on the anesthesia type: local, rahianesthesia,
general
Postoperative periods:
Immediate (post-anesthesia): the patient recovers
consciousness and the vital functions are stable
Intermediate: it takes from the complete recovery after
anesthesia till the discharge from hospital
Belated (convalescence): starts on discharge when the patient
has stable vital functions and a cicatrized wound and
continues at home
The postoperative care involves the clinical and paraclinical
monitoring of the patient
Monitoring represents observation, registration and detection by
clinical observation or paraclinical methods of the patients state
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PURPOSE AND
PRINCIPLES
Monitoring is carried out in order to detect any
change of the patients state to a possible
complication as well as to a favorable
evolution, and also in order to take the
necessary compensatory or support measures
for rapid healing
The most important principle is careful and
complete monitoring of the patients state
which will allow adopting the necessary
measures for a favorable evolution
CLINIC AL
MONITORI NG
It starts on the operating table and continues until the
patients discharge
It will be carried out following a certain schedule which will
allow the temporary distribution of the clinical parameters
during the day
Parameters watched: state of consciousness, facies,
tongue, tegument and mucous color, cutaneous fold,
breathing frequency and amplitude, frequency of central
and peripheral pulse, blood pressure, diuresis in 24 hours,
operatory wound aspect, drainages (flow rate, aspect),
functioning of venous catheters, patients mobilization,
resumption of bowel transit for gas and feaces
PARACLINIC AL
MONITORI NG
Definition: it represents a series of measures
intended to watch the patients condition
Indications:
It is useful because a surgical patient carries
a risk of complications of different gravity,
which have to be prevented
The unconscious patients, who cannot
describe the changes that come up in their
evolution, need special monitoring
PARACLINIC AL
MONITORI NG
Contraindications: any patient has to be
monitored, the only contraindication being
represented by the economic criterion (very
expensive costs)
Necessary materials: various devices and
apparatuses are necessary in order to
measure body weight, temperature, blood
pressure, breathing frequency and amplitude,
quantity of ingested fluids, blood tests,
(ionogram, blood ph), electrocardiogram,
sfigmogram, etc.
PARACLINIC AL
MONITORI NG
The patient lies on the bed in a position as close to
the anatomic one as possible, he/she has to take off
his/her clothes so that the access to any anatomic
region may be easy
All sensors and necessary catheters have to be
monitored
Standard monitoring includes: measurement of
blood pressure, body temperature, breathing
frequency, diuresis and state of consciousness
Special monitoring vary depending on the patients
pathology
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STANDARD
PARACLINIC AL
MONITORI NG
BLOOD PRESSURE
Normal values: systolic 90-160mmHg, diastolic 6090mmHg
Technique: manually with tensiometer and stethoscope or by
means of an electric apparatus
PULSE
Normal values: 60-80 beats / minute
Technique: manually by direct palpation or with the
sfigmometer sensor; to be measured for 30 seconds
minimum, simultaneously with heart auscultation
Tachycardia = pulse > 100 beats / minute
Bradycardia = pulse < 60 beats / minute
STANDARD
PARACLINIC AL
MONITORI NG
BODY TEMPERATURE
Normal values: 36-37C
The most accurate is intrarectal measurement of body
temperature
The most used method is to measure temperature in
the axillary region
BREATHING FREQUENCY
Normal values: 10-16/minute
Technique: direct count or nasal sensor
Tachypnea = over 20 respirations/minute
Bradypnea = below 8 respirations/minute
STANDARD
PARACLINIC AL
MONITORI NG
DIURESIS
Normal flow rate 1ml/kg/h
Technique: to be measured the amount of urine
gathered in a gradated recipient which is connected to
the urinary probe
Oliguria = below 400 ml/24h
Anuria = below 200ml/24h
STATE OF CONSCIOUSNESS
PARACLINIC AL
MONITORI NG
SPECIAL MONITORING
CARDIO- PULMONA R Y
RESUSCITATION
DEFINITION, PURPOSE, PRINCIPLES
INDICATIONS
CONTRAINDICATIONS
NECESSARY MATERIALS
TECHNIQUE
POSTRESUSCITATION CARE
INCIDENTS, ACCIDENTS, COMPLICATIONS
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CONTENT
DEFINITION,
PURPOSE,
They represent all therapeutic measures
to be applied in emergency, in
PRINCIPLES
cardiac arrest, in order to recover the vital functions
The cardiac arrest diagnosis has to be established quickly and the
resuscitation maneuvers have to be performed within very short time from
the beginning of the cardiac arrest and they also have to performed fast in
order to prevent the appearance of irreversible damage of the organs (6
minutes after the beginning of the cardiac arrest the neurons suffer
damage, any resuscitation method becoming useless)
The maneuvers have to be correctly performed in order to be efficient
Diagnosis
Cardiac arrest: lack of heart beats, lack of peripheral pulse, lack of
carotid pulse, low blood pressure
Pulmonary arrest: disappearance of respiratory movements,
peripheral cyanosis, mydriasis, lack consciousness, drop of sphincter
tonus
Mnemotechnical formulas: ABCDEFGHI, HELP ME
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INDICATIONS
Arrest of cardiac and respiratory function:
Ventricular fibrillation
Cardiac asystole
Apnea of central origin
Obstructions of upper airway
Posttraumatic
CONTRAINDICATION
S
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is
contraindicated only when it is useless:
More than 7 minutes from the beginning of
the cardiac arrest (relative contraindication)
Unrecoverable patient
Biological death (they are maintained in this
state for organ donation)
Multiple organic failure
NECESSARY
MATERIALS
Oxygen mask
Oxygen pump
PHOTO
Guedel pipe
Larhyngoscope
Intubation cannula
Defibrillator
EKG monitor
Flexules for venous catheters
Equipment for venous denudation
Syringes, needles
Drugs for emergencies
OXYGEN MASKS
GUEDEL PIPE
LARHYNGOSCOPE
OROTRACHEAL
INTUBATION CANNULA
TECHNIQUE
The patient will be removed from the action of the
nocuous factors (place of accident, etc.)
The patient will be lain on the back
The reanimator or reanimators should be at the
same level with the patient, if there is only one
savior this one will place himself/herself on the left,
if there are two, the one who will perform cardiac
resuscitation will stay on the left and the one who
will perform artificial respiration will stay on the right
INTERNAL CARDIAC MASSAGE
DEFIBRILLATION
TECHNIQUE
30
INTERN AL
CARDIAC
MASSAGE
Incision in the left 4th intercostal
space
Take the heart in the right hand with the
left ventricle in the palm and squeeze it
with a frequency of 80-90 per minute
At the same time perform artificial
respiration
DEFIBRIL LATION
Start external cardiac massage simultaneously
with the artificial respiration
If the patient does not respond to the resuscitation,
continue with the stimulation of cardiac activity
using electric shocks produced by the defibrillator
(150-400 W/sec)
Electric stimulation may be repeated, and at the
same time efficient medication has to be
administered compliant to the resuscitation
protocols (adrenalin, atropine, dopamine,
lidocaine, sodium bicarbonate, calcium blockers,
antiarrhythmic agents, etc.)
ABCDEFGHI
A (airways): permeable respiratory air tract
B (breath): artificial respiration
C (circulation): restoring circulatory function
D (drugs): drug administration
E (EKG): monitoring the cardiac function by EKG
F (fibrillation): electric defibrillator
G: establishing the diagnosis that determined the
cardiac arrest
H: neuropsychic therapy
I (intensive care): intensive care service
HELP ME
(BEJAN)
H: head hyperextension
E: clearing upper airway (foreign bodies,
secretions)
L: anterior luxation of the jaw
P: nose pinching, mouth-to-mouth resuscitation
M
External cardiac massage
E
POST
RESUSCITATION
CARE
The patient will still be kept under medical
INCIDENT S ,
ACCIDENT S ,
COMPLICA
TIONS
Respiratory function: tongue swallowing, loss of
BLOOD TRANSFUSION
DEFINITION, PURPOSE, PRINCIPLES
INDICATIONS
CONTRAINDICATIONS
NECESSARY MATERIALS
BLOOD GROUP DETERMINATION
DIRECT COMPATIBILITY TEST
TECHNIQUE
INCIDENTS, ACCIDENTS, COMPLICATIONS
CARE
CONTENTS
DEFINITION,
PURPOSE,
PRINCIPLES
Definition: it is a method
used to
introduce blood, erythrocytes or plasma
in the patients cardiocirculatory system
Transfusion has as a purpose to correct
the patients blood deficits (volume,
erythrocytes, plasma factors)
Principle: perfect compatibility between
the doner and the receiver is compulsory
INDICATIONS
Great losses of blood volume (massive
hemorrhages)
Increase of oxygen transport (serious
anaemias)
Deficit of coagulation factors (hemophilia)
CONTRAINDICATION
S
Arterial hypertension, right ventricular
decompensation (heart surcharge)
Pulmonary diseases: pneumonias,
bronchopneumonias (acute pulmonary
edema)
Thrombophlebitis, venous thromboses
(embolisms)
NECESSARY
MATERIALS
Transfusion substance: blood, plasma, erythrocyte
PHOTO
mass, cryoprecipitates (factor 8, factor 12)
Heating device for the perfusion substance
Perfusor which is provided with a philter for possible
microclots
Needle for venous puncture
Garrot
Cotton tampon and 70 alcohol
Gloves
Adhesive bandages
BLOOD GROUP
DETERMINATION
On a glass strip put a drop of anti-A
serum and anti-B serum
Each of them will be mixed with a drop of
the patients blood
Wait for a few minutes and the results will
be interpreted on the microscope
compliant to the table
Serum O A
B
AB
anti-A
lyse
lyse
lyse
anti-B
lyse
BLOOD GROUP
DETERMINATION
Rh DETERMINATION
DIRECT
COMPATIBILITY TEST
Put on a glass strip a drop of the
patients blood (receiver) in direct contact
with a drop of the donated blood
If there is no agglutination, then the two
types of blood are compatible and the
transfusion may be made
TECHNIQUE
The patient will be informed on the transfusion technique,
benefits and disadvantages and its agreement has to be
obtained
The patient will be placed in a comfortable position,
preferably in dorsal decubitus
The product to be transfused will be brought to the
transfusion service and the direct compatibility test will me
made
Find a new vein into which the preparation will be
administered
The administration rhythm is of 50 drops/min 15 minutes (to
observe possible adverse reactions), then 60-80
drops/minute. For emergencies a unit (500 ml) may be
administered in 10 minutes.
INCIDENTS,
ACCIDENTS,
COMPLICATIONS
Precocious hemolytic reaction: cephalea, fever, shiver, lumbar
pain, tachycardia, hypotension, respiratory problems,
hematuria
Late hemolytic reaction: unexplainable icterus, decrease of
hemoglobin
Fever shiver. If the temperature increases by more than one
degree Celsius the transfusion will be stopped
Allergic reaction: urticaria, pruritus, rash, wheezing, fever,
shiver
Bacterial contamination of transfused blood
Immune reactions (pulmonary edema, excessive bleeding),
hypothermia, hyperpotassemia, hypocalcemia, acidose,
thrombophlebitis, embolisms, transmission of certain
diseases (hepatitis B, C, AIDS, cytomegalovirus, syphilis, etc.)
CARE
The flask label will be stuck in the patients observation
sheet
15 minutes after starting the perfusion the vital signs will be
monitored (pulse, tension, breathing frequency) as well as
the existence of possible adverse reactions
At that moment if there are no incidents the transfusion
rhythm will be increased
The patient will be checked every 30 minutes
At the end of the transfusion the vital signs will be checked
again and the diuresis, and they will be written down in the
observation sheet
The catheter will be cleaned with physiological serum
The packages will be returned to the transfusion service
INJECTIONS
DEFINITION, PURPOSE, PRINCIPLES
INJECTION ADVANTAGES
INDICATIONS
CONTRAINDICATIONS
NECESSARY MATERIALS
STANDARD TECHNIQUE
INJECTION TYPES
INCIDENTS, ACCIDENTS, COMPLICATIONS
CARE
CONTENT
DEFINI TION ,
PURPOSE ,
PRINCIP
Definition: it is a method
used to LES
introduce in the body different medicated
substances
Purpose: therapeutic, diagnosis
Principle: active principles are introduced
in the organism, by means of needles
with lumen, and are resorbed in the blood
that circulates through that region
INJECTION
A D VANTAGES
The absorption speed of active principles is
well controlled
They avoid hepatic metabolization
The administered dose is not influenced by
digestive absorption (accelerate transit, etc.)
It allows administrating medicines to
uncooperative or unconscious patients
They avoid the digestive tube: there can be
administered medicines that irritate or are not
absorbed in the digestive tube
INDICA TIONS
Seriously ill patients, for exact dose control
Patients who need a shock dose by rapid
absorption (intravenously)
Controlled-release preparations which cannot
be given as tablets
Patients with digestive intolerance
Unconscious patients
Diagnosis purpose (intravenous urography)
Local anaesthesia
CONTRAINDICA TION
S
Hemophilia
Anticoagulant treatment
Tetanus
Induction from general anesthesia
NECE S SAR Y
MATERIAL S
Active substance PHOTO
Needle
Luer tapers
Cotton tampons with
solution for making
the tegument aseptic
Garrot
Sterile gloves
PERFUSION SOLUTIONS
PERFUSION SOLUTIONS
INJECTION TYPES
INTRADERMIC INJECTIONS
SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTIONS
INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTIONS
INTRAVENOUS INJECTIONS
INTRA-ARTERIAL INJECTIONS
STANDARD
TE
C
HNI
QUE
The patient will be informed on the manoeuvre to be performed, obtaining
his agreement
The patient will be placed in a comfortable position depending on the
injection type to be administered
The vial or ampoule containing the active substance will be opened, the
vial neck will be sterilize by singing it with a flame and then the content will
be aspired in the taper
The needle used to aspire the substance will be changed with another
sterile needle in order to perform the injection
If necessary, apply the garrot
Make aseptic the region where the injection has to be made by rubbing it
with an alcohol tampon
Take off the protecting cap from the needle, puncture the skin and the
other anatomic structures till the plane where you want to get to
Slightly aspire into the taper to see if the position is correct (vein dark
red, artery crimson, muscle no blood)
Inject the active substance compliant to the indications
Take out the needle and the taper with a firm movement
Massage the injection place to perform the hemostasis
The waste will be deposited in recipients specific to each of them
INTRADERMIC
INJECTION
Make the tegument aseptic
The needle with the tip upwards will be
introduced in the superficial tegument until the
needle orifice disappears under the tegument
Inject the substance from the tape
At the injection place there appears a tegument
deformation as an orange skin
Indications: intradermic reactions
Injection region: anterior side of the forearm
VIDEO
INTRADERMIC
INJECTION
SUBCUTAN EOUS
INJEC TION
Make the tegument aseptic
Create with the left hand between the thumb
and the forefinger a cutaneous fold
The needle will be introduced parallel to the
tegument, in the axis of the fold without
penetrating the muscle
Indications: slow absorption drugs
Injection region: external side of the forearm or
thigh
VIDEO
SUBCUTAN EOUS
INJEC TION
INTRAMUSCULAR
INJECTION
Make the region aseptic
With the needle perpendicular to the tegument,
puncture the skin with a firm movement and push the
needle in the muscle
Slightly aspire in the taper (there mustnt be any blood)
Inject all the contents of the taper
With a fast movement take out the needle and the taper
Massage the region
Indications: most medicated substances (oily
substances will only be administered intramuscularly)
Injection region: upper-external quadrant of the buttock,
deltoid muscle, quadriceps muscle
VIDEO
INTRAMUSCULAR
INJECTION
Picture 036.avi
INTRAVENO US
INJECTION
VIDEO
INTRAVENO US
INJECTION
INTRAARTERIAL
INJEC TIONS
Make the region aseptic
Detect with the forefinger and the medius of the left hand the
artery pulsations
Puncture the skin with the needle perpendicularly on the
artery
Aspire in the taper creating lower pressure, and push the
needle until red blood appears inside the taper
Inject the contents
Extract the needle firmly
Compress for a few minutes on the injection place with a
cotton tampon imbibed with alcohol
Indications: local anesthesia, chemotherapy
Injection region: radial artery, femoral artery
VIDEO
RADIAL ARTERY
PUNCTURE
INCIDENT S ,
ACCIDENT S ,
COMPLICA TIONS
Local hematoma
Vessel rupture
Tegument, vascular necrosis
Allergic reactions
Subcutaneous nodules
Embolisms
CARE
Generally, they dont require special care
A sterile bandage has to be applied on
the puncture place
In case of intravesel injections
hemostasis will be performed by
compression for a few minutes with a
cotton tampon imbibed with alcohol
INCI SIONS
DEFINITION, PURPOSE, PRINCIPLES
INDICATIONS
CONTRAINDICATIONS
NECESSARY MATERIALS
TECHNIQUE
INCIDENTS, ACCIDENTS, COMPLICATIONS
CARE
CONTENT
DEFINI TION ,
PURPOSE ,
PRINCIP LES
INDICATIONS
Opening purulent infections
Excisions of tegument formation or lesion
Creating an approach for a certain abdominal
or thoracic organ
Retouch of bad incisions
Clearing incisions to bring near the margins of
the wound
Opening the capsule to get deep into the
viscera
CONTRAINDICATION
Hemo
philia
S
Anticoagulant treatment
Tetanus
Induction in general anesthesia
NECESSARY
MATERIALS
Sterile soft material
Materials for
anesthesia
Scalpel
Scisors
Saw
Knife
SCALPEL BLADE
ELECTROCAUTERY
TECHNIQUE
The patient will be explained the technique obtaining its written agreement
for the surgery
The patient will be placed in a comfortable position to point out the best way
possible the region where the incision is going to be made
The preparation of the operative field will be done compliant to the
description in the chapter preoperative preparation
The surgeon will stay on the patients right side (except for the interventions
in the gynaecological field, pelvic region or left limbs) and its help will stay in
front of the operator, on the patients left side
(Local, general, rahianesthesia, etc) anesthesia will be performed
The skin will be kept under tension with the forefinger and medius of the left
hand, on the same direction but from the other end of the incision
The incision will be started with the scalpel perpendicularly to the skin, in an
almost vertical position, then it will be oriented to about 30
The incision will be made in a single movement
To the lower angle of the incision the scalpel will be brought again to an
almost vertical position as to the skin
Each anatomic plane will be cut in a single movement
The incision will cut plane after plane till the desired depth
VIDEO 1
VIDEO 2
VIDEO 3
INCIDENTS,
ACCIDENTS,
COMPLICATIONS
CARE
Daily sterile bandage
Lavage with antiseptic solutions
COLON
PREPARATION
DEFINITION, PURPOSE, PRINCIPLES
INDICATIONS
CONTRAINDICATIONS
NECESSARY MATERIALS
TECHNIQUE
CONTENT
DEFINITION,
PURPOSE,
Definition: mechanicalPRINCIPLES
and biological
INDICATIONS
Explorations: rectoscopy, colonoscopy,
barium anema, edoluminal ultrasound of
the colon
Determining colon motility
Surgical interventions on various
segments of the large intestine
CONTRAINDICATION
Relative: patients influenced state doesS
not allow rigorous preparation
Absolute: surgical emergencies,
diseases with risk of colon perforation
NECESSARY
MATERIALES
Purgative drugs
Necessary materials
for perfoming anema
TECHNIQUE
Diet without residues (milk, yoghourt, cheese, soup) 2 days before the
surgery until 0 time of surgery day, from that moment on suppressing
the administration of any food or fluid
Medication
Manitol
The first day the patient will ingest 250 ml of Manitol and 3 liters
of fluids minimum
The second day the patient will be administered 250 ml of
Manitol oral pills and 3 liters of fluids minimum . The evening
before and on the morning of the surgery an enema will be
performed
Third day surgery
Fortrans: at 2 p.m. The day before surgery, there will be
administered a sachet of Fortrans dissolved in a litre of water which
will be drunk in about one hour. Four sachets of Fortrans will be
administered. The evening before and on the morning of the
surgery an enema will be performed
Enema: the evening before and on the morning of the surgery
an enema will be performed
At present we dont administer any antibiotics after the surgery (they
cause dismicrobisms)
ENEMA VIDEO
ENEMA
DEFINITION, PURPOSE, PRINCIPLES
NECESSARY MATERIALS
INDICATIONS
CONTRAINDICATIONS
TECHNIQUE
TECHNICAL VARIANTS
INCIDENTS, ACCIDENTS, COMPLICATIONS
CONTENT
DEFINITION
PURPOSE,
PRINCIPLES
NECESSARY
MATERIALS
PHOTO
Gloves
Single-use sterile cannula
Lubricant PHOTO
Irrigator PHOTO
The substance to be introduced
Basin
Protection oilcloth
PHOTO
NECESSARY MATERIALS
Irrigator
Rectal cannula
NECESSARY MATERIALS
Lubricant
INDICATIONS
Colon discharge for persons with constipation, old
people, cachectic people, etc.
Preoperative preparation of the colon and rectum
Enema before a surgery with general anesthesia (it
prevents defecation due to the relaxation of the anal
sphyncter)
Barium enema for diagnosis
Medicated enemas (in digestive intolerance)
Hydrating enema (to be administered in a low rate drop
by drop)
Anesthetic enemas
CONTRAINDICATION
S
TECHNIQUE
The technique will be explained to the patient, especially the fact
that the substance introduced has to be kept in the colon for at
least 15 minutes. The patient will lie on the back or on one side
The oilcloth is put under the patients pelvis
Put on the gloves, take the lubricated cannula and attach it to the
irigator
Let some fluid drip to eliminate the air inside the tube
Introduce the cannula in the patients anus, about 8 cm being
cranially and posteriorly oriented
Slowly introduce the fluid from the irigator (it prevents the sudden
distention of the rectal ampulla and the activation of the defecation
reflex)
Slowly take out the cannula from the anus, following the opposite
direction as when it was introduced
Perform local perianal cleaning
Clean the place where the enema has been performed
VIDEO
TECHNICAL
VARIANTS
I NCIDENTS , ACCIDENT S ,
COMPLICATIONS
Disconfort to the patient
Rectal perforation: it needs immediate
diagnose, followed by the emergency
reparatory surgical treatment
SURGICAL
DRAINAGE
DEFINITION, PURPOSE, PRINCIPILES
INDICATIONS
CONTRAINDICATIONS
REQUIRED MATERIALS
TECHNIQUE
INCIDENTS, ACCIDENTS, COMPLICATIONS
NURSING CARE
CONTENT
DEFINI TION ,
PURPOSE ,
Definition: it represents the evacuation PRINCIPLES
of pus collections from an
abscess cavity
RECOMMENDATION
S
Pus collections
Peritonitis
Interventions with septic stage
Difficult, incomplete haemostases
Interventions with laborious starts
Fistulas, continuity solutions at the level of
cavity organs
Purulent pleurisies
Pneumothorax, hemothorax
CONTRAINDICATION
S
Are relative
In case of interventions that need
prostheses or explants that imply a risk
of septic contamination by means of the
drainage tube
REQUIRED
MATERIALS
PHOTO
Plastic or silicon tubes
Drainage external catheters and liners
PHOTO
Multiple hole tubes
Medical wigs
PHOTO
Collecting systems
THE TECHNIQUE
The patient will be informed regarding the
procedure and his /hers written agreement will be
obtained
The drainage tube will be positioned in the lowest
part of the cavity
The tube will be exteriorized through the cavity wall
by counter incision if the wound can be sutured per
primam
The drainage tube will be attached by suture
A sterile bandage will be applied
The drainage tube will be connected to a collecting
container
VIDEO
PHOTO
INCIDEN TS , ACCIDENT S ,
COMPLICA TIONS
Incorrect positioning of the drainage tube
Obstruction of the drainage tube
Infection
Bleeding
Incorrect adjustment of the collecting
container
Exteriorization of the drainage tube
NURSING CARE
Daily sterile bandaging
Observing the quantity and the aspect of the
drainage content
Cleaning the cavities with the help of aseptic
solutions
Reinstating vacuum pressure in case of aspirative
drainages
Evacuation of the collecting containers
Removing the obstructing factors from the
drainage tube by using antiseptic solutions
APPLYING IODOFORM ON A
SUPPURATIVE WOUND
ATTENDING THE
STOMIES
DEFINITION, PURPOSE, PRINCIPLES
REQUIRED MATERIALS
STANDARD TECHNIQUE
DIFFERENT STOMA TYPES
CONTENT
D EFINITION ,
PURPOSE ,
Stoma = a constructed PRINCIP
opening to theLES
DIFFERENT
STOMA TYPES
GASTROSTOMY
JEJUNOSTOMY
ILEOSTOMY
COLOSTOMY
CUTANEOUS URETEROSTOMY
REQUIRED
MATERIALS
Self-adhesive collecting bags
Plastic disk (that will cover the stoma
allowing the accumulation of the
collecting pus)
Adhesive gel
Probes, tubules
Sterile dressing/cloth
STANDARD
TECHNIQUE
The tissues around the stoma will be cleaned
using warm water, preferably without soup
We wait until the skin is dry
The self-adhesive collecting beg that has been
previously adjusted according to the
dimensions of the stoma will be attached
In case the bag will be evacuated it is better to
have it cleaned first with a syringe filled in with
50 ml of warm water
GASTROSTOM Y
Indications: high gastric obstacle that impedes
the normal feeding (pharyngeal, esophageal
neoplasm, etc.)
Changing the bandage daily until the wound is
healed
The probe permeability must be tested by using
special substances
When not used, the probe lumen will be sealed
with a plastic stopper
PHOTO
GASTROSTOM Y PROBES
FOLEY PROBE
(in fact a urinary probe that can be also used for
gastrostomy, if needed)
JEJUNOST O M Y
Recommended for : non-resectable
gastric tumor, thus the stomach is being
saved for a future operation
Are more easy to be maintained because
for their carrying out a probe is used by
means of which the food will be provided
COLOSTOM Y
It will remain opened for 2 days postoperative and the sutures will be
suppressed 7 days after the surgery
The colon transit will be reestablished in
2 days from the surgery
The colostomy care has to be done on a
daily basis
In the beginning, the patient is not
aware when defecating, but later on, a
process of gaining awareness takes
place that will finally allow a perfect
conscious control of the external
sphincter
The colostoma patients need
psychotherapy in order to benefit of a
more rapid social and professional
reintegration
PHOTO
VIDEO
Colostomy bags
ILEOSTOM Y
Purpose: to evacuate
Recommendations: terminal (after performing
proctocolectomy upon various indications, after
right colon resections with contraindication for
ileotransverse anastomosis in the first stage ) or
lateral (neglected occlusions of right colic or
iliac artery)
Attending to the stoma in this case means
applying the same principles as in colostomy;
only that more attention should be given to
digestive losses and to a good hydroelectrolitical, acid-base and volemia levels
THE BANDAGE
DEFINITION, PURPOSE, PRINCIPLES
INDICATIONS
CONTRAINDICATIONS
THE BANDAGING ROOM
REQUIRED MATERIALS
TECHNIQUE
BANDAGE TYPES
CONTENT
DEFINITION,
PURPOSE,
PRINCIPLES
Definition: it represents the medical procedure by
INDICATIONS
Surgical incisions
Accidental wounds
Burns
Varicose leg ulcers
CONTRAINDICATION
S
The facial injuries are usually left unbandaged
Closet for
drugs and medical
instrument storage
Medical instrument
carriage
REQUIRED
MATERIALS
REQUIRED MATERIALS
REQUIRED MATERIALS
Antiseptic solutions
Ointment
Cotton wool
Sterile and
non-sterile gloves
BANDAGING
TECHNIQUE
The patient will be informed regarding the medical maneuver after
and he/she will be placed in a comfortable position so that the person
taking care of the bandaging will have optimal work conditions
Before applying or changing the bandage the medical personnel must
have the hands clean
The wound surrounding tissues will be cleaned and disinfected with
tincture of iodine
The wound will be disinfected, examined and treated
The wound will be covered with soft sterile cloth according to the
characteristics of the injury
The bandage will be secured with dressing, band aids, etc.
The evolution of the wound, the eventual drainages performed , etc.
will be noted in the patients observation sheet
The secretory wounds need an absorbent bandage with cotton buffer
and a thick cotton wool layer
The wounds presenting local congestive manifestations need wet
bandages impregnated with chloramine or alcohol, then covered with
absorbent cotton buffer
The suppurative wounds need drainage and a proper medical care
BANDAGE TYPES
BANDAGE TYPES
DRY BANDAGE
Recommended for :
cleaning nonsecretory wounds
It is the most
commonly used
bandage for wounds
It is made out if
gauze padded
compresses and
cotton wool
PHOTO
VIDEO
BANDAGE TYPES
DRY BANDAGE
BANDAGE TYPES
WET BANDAGE
Recommended for:
inflamed non-secretory
wounds
It has antiphlogistic effect
It should be used on short
periods of time due to the
fact that it can be irritant
It is made out of a
moistured compresses
impregnated with antiseptic
solution covered up in the
end by a dry dressing
Another word used for this
type of bandage is
cataplasm
BANDAGE TYPES
COMPRESSION BANDAGE
BANDAGE TYPES
OCLUSSIVE BANDAGE
Plaster bandage
BANDAGE TYPES
GREASY BANDAGE
BANDAGE TYPES
TYPES OF DRESSINGS
VASCULAR
CATHETERIZATION
DEFINITION, PURPOSE, PRINCIPLES
THE IDEAL CATHETER
INDICATIONS
CONTRAINDICATIONS
REQUIRED MATERIALS
STANDARD THECNIQUE
INCIDENTS, ACCIDENTS, COMPLICATIONS
NURSING CARE
CONTENT
CLICK WITH THE MOUSE ON THE UNDERLINED TITLES
DEFINI TION ,
PURPOSE ,
PRINC PLES
IDEAL CATHETER
Should be thin
Should not be irritant
Should not determine the platelet aggregation
in its exterior and interior
Should be long enough and wide enough to
serve its purpose
Should be radiopaque
Some catheters have more lumens
INDICATIONS
Hydro- electrolytic balance
In emergency for introducing rapid action
drugs
Parental nutrition
Determining the central venous pressure,
the pulmonary pressure and intracavitary
cardiac pressure
Interventional radiology
Diagnostic purpose
THE CATHETERIZATION OF
THE RADIAL ARTHERY
CONTRAINDICA T I ON
S
Haemophilia
Anticoagulant treatment
Tetanus
Induction from general anesthesia
REQUIRED MATERIALS
Syringe and needle
Xyline
Sterile gauze compress
Sterile gloves
(needle) Holder and
needle with suture
Medical tray containing:
syringe, thick needle,
guide wire, catheter,
fixing support
THE STANDARD
TECHNIQUE
The patient will be informed about the medical procedure he/she will go through
and his/hers written agreement will be obtained
The patient will be placed in a comfortable position
The skin area where the puncture will be made is disinfected
The sterile gloves are put on
The local anesthesia is performed
The vein will be punctured according to the technique described in the chapter
About punctures
5-6 ml of blood will be aspirated into the syringe
The syringe will be detached and the guide wire will be introduced through the
lumen of the needle with the patient in voluntary apnea
The needle will be removed
The catheter will be introduced along the guide wire, then the guide wire will be
withdrawn until it reaches the distal end of the catheter
Both the guide wire and the catheter will be introduced until reaching the desired
position after which the guide wire will be removed
The blood will be aspirated into the syringe to check the position of the catheter
The catheter will be connected to a perfusion with Normoton or heparin serum
The catheter will be secured to the skin with sutures
In the end a sterile bandage is applied
ARTERIAL
CATHETERIZATION
VENOUS
CATHETERIZATION
VENOUS CATHETER
JUGULAR INSERTION
INCIDENT S , ACCIDENT S ,
COMPLICA TIONS
When installing: insertion of the catheter,
catheterized blood vessel perforations ,
artery puncture, pneumothorax,
chylothorax, gas embolism,
hemomediastinum, arrhythmias
In use: infection, phlebitis
At the suppression: breaking the catheter
MAINTENANCE
It requires maintaining the permeability of the
catheter which is achieved by maintaining a
continuous flow or by washing the catheter with
heparinized saline after stopping the perfusion
Any maneuver that will be done must be sterile
The perfusor will be changed in maximum 24
hours
DIGESTIVE
PROBING
CONTENT
DEFINITION,
PURPOSE,
PRINCIPLES
Definition: it represents the medical maneuver through
INDICATIONS
Gastric hypo- or hyperacidity evaluation
Determination of PH digestive secretions
Gastrointestinal manometry
Gastric stasis - evacuation, gastric
lavage
Pre-surgery preparation of the stomach
CONTRAINDICA TIONS
The digestive probes are being gradually
replaced by modern technique
Traumas, malformations, obstacles that
do not allow passage of the probe
REQUIRED MATERIALS
Einhorn digestive probes
Probes with radiopaque
marks
Syringes
Test tube
Stimulation drugs
Antidote solutions
Containers
Gloves
TECHNIQUE
The patient will be informed about the maneuver, his
cooperation is important during the digestive probing
The patient will be placed in the sitting position, lateral or
dorsal decubitus
The probe is introduced through the nose into the throat,
then the patient will be asked, while normally breathing, to
do swallowing movements, and in that moment the probe is
gently pushed up into the esophagus and stomach.
Eventually, a local anesthetic to the pharyngeal mucosa can
be done.
If you want to reach up into the duodenum, the patient is
placed in lateral decubitus for 30-60 minutes, while the
probe will be spontaneously progressing into the duodenum
INCIDENT S ,
ACCIDENT S ,
COMPLICA TIONS
DIGESTIVE
PROBING
Digestive probing types
GASTRIC LAVAGE
DIGESTIVE SUCTION
ENTERAL NUTRITION THROUGH
DIGESTIVE PROBE
GASTRIC LAVAGE
DEFINITION, PURPOSE AND PRINCIPLES
INDICATIONS
CONTRAINDICATIONS
REQUIRED MATERIALS
TECHNIQUE
INCIDENTS, ACCIDENTS, COMPLICATIONS
GASTRIC LAVAGE
DEFINITION, PURPOSE, PRINIPLES
GASTRIC LAVAGE
INDICA TIONS
GASTRIC LAVAGE
CONTRAINDICA TIONS
GASTRIC LAVAGE
REQUIRED MATERIALS
Gloves
Faucher Probe (photo)
Funnel
Lavage fluid, antidote
Medicines
Container for collecting
the evacuated digestive
content
GASTRIC LAVAGE
TECHNIQUE
GASTRIC LAVAGE
GASTROINTESTINAL
SUCTION
GASTROINTESTINAL
SUCTION
DEFINITION, PURPOSE, PRINCIPLES
GASTROINTESTINAL
SUCTION
INDICA TIONS
GASTROINTESTINAL
SUCTION
REQUIRED MATERIALS
Gloves
Radiopaque probes
Graded collecting containers
GASTROINTESTINAL
SUCTION
TECHNIQUE
GASTROINTESTINAL
SUCTION
INCIDENT S , ACCIDENT S , COMPLICA TIONS
ENTERAL FEEDING
THROUGH
THE DIGESTIVE PROBE
DEFINITION, PURPOSE, PRINCIPLES
ENTERAL FEEDING
THROUGH
THE DIGESTIVE PROBE
Patients who cannot be fed
spontaneously
INDICATIONS
ENTERAL FEEDING
THROUGH
THE DIGESTIVE PROBE
CONTRAINDICA TIONS
ENTERAL FEEDING
THROUGH
THE DIGESTIVE PROBE
REQUIRED MATERIALS
Gloves
Radiopaque tubes with single or multiple lumen
Containers
Connection tubing
Dosing pumps
Nutrient preparations that are to be
administered according to specific nutritional
deficiencies of each patient
PHOTO
NUTRITIENT SOLUTION TO BE
ADMINISTRA TED THROUGH DIGESTIVE
PROBES
ENTERAL FEEDING
THROUGH
THE DIGESTIVE PROBE
TECHNIQUE
ENTERAL FEEDING
THROUGH
THE DIGESTIVE PROBE
PERITONEAL DRAINAGE
ASEPTISATION
OF THE LIVING TISSUES
PATIENTS SKIN
HEMOSTASIS
DEFINITION,
PURPOSE,
PRINCIPLES
INDICA TIONS
Any bleeding that does not stop by
spontaneous hemostasis
CONTRAINDICA TIO
NS
Pathological situations in which surgery
may be delayed in the hope of a
spontaneous hemostasis (e.g. upper
gastrointestinal bleeding that under
conservative treatment may stop
spontaneously)
REQUIRED
MATERIALS
Temporary hemostasis: tourniquet, soft
tissue for the compression of damaged
vessels
Final hemostasis: common instruments for
surgery, hemostatic forceps, atraumatic
needles to restore vessel continuity
In case of hemostasis mechanism disorders
blood derivatives are required (see Chap.
Transfusions), hemostatic substances, etc.
TE CHNIQUE
TEMPORARY HEMOSTASIS
FINAL HEMOSTASIS
TE CHNIQUE
TEMPORARY HEMOSTASIS
TECHNIQUE
TEMPORARY HEMOSTASIS
TOURNIQUET
If there is no tourniquet it can be improvised using a cord, a
belt, a scarf
Indications: limbs
By applying it the vascular walls are crushed and bleeding
stops
It is very important to attach a note where the date and exact
time of tourniquet application are recorded . If the transport
takes longer than 15-30 minutes, the tourniquet will be
opened for a few seconds to restore the blood flow to the
affected limb
In case of a jet bleeding with red blood, the bleeding has
arterial origin, and the tourniquet will be applied proximally to
the lesion, to the concerned member
In case of a continuous jet bleeding with dark red blood, the
bleeding has venous origin, and the tourniquet will be
applied distally to the lesion, to the tip of the concerned limb
TE CHNIQUE
TEMPORARY HEMOSTASIS
POWERFUL COMPRESSION
Indications: head, neck, thorax, abdomen
It can be done by the strong compression of the injured
vessel against a skeletal plan, or by compression
bandage
The compressive bandage is made with sterile
compresses, the bandage is large enough to make the
injured blood vessel cooperate. Over sterile compresses
a crumpled of folded compresses or a roll of infancy
can be added, followed by a tight enswathement of the
area by circular infancy turns, with hemostatic role
TE CHNIQUE
TEMPORARY HEMOSTASIS
TE CHNIQUE
TEMPORARY HEMOSTASIS
Forcipression
The tourniquet
Loops
Balloon probes: Foley, Fogarthy
Compressive bandage
Swabbing
TE CHNIQUE
TE CHNIQUE
TECHNIQUE
TECHNIQUE
TECHNIQUE
TECHNIQUE
FINAL HEMOSTASIS
Ligature
Electrocoagulation
Embolization
Cushioning
Mass suture
Hemostatic substances
CLICK WITH THE MOUSE ON THE UNDERLINED TITLES
TECHNIQUE
TECHNIQUE
TECHNIQUE
TECHNIQUE
TECHNIQUE
TECHNIQUE
TECHNIQUE
TECHNIQUE
TECHNIQUE
INCIDENT S ,
ACCIDENT S ,
COMPLICA TIONS
Incidents, accidents:
Ligature slipping of the blood vessel
Pulling out the blood vessel during tying
Crushing the blood vessel between the
forceps arms when its dimensions are not
adapted to the vessel size
Local hematoma
Complications: necrosis, massive bleeding,
hypovolemic shock
PUNCTURES
DEFINITION, PURPOSE, PRINCIPLES
INDICATIONS
CONTRAINDICATIONS
REQUIRED MATERIALS
STANDARD TECHNIQUE
PUNCTURES TYPES
CLICK WITH THE MOUSE ON THE UNDERLINED TITLES
CONTENT
DEFINITION, PURPOSE,
PRINCIPLES
Definition: it represents the manoeuvre
through which an organ, cavity or tissue
is entered with a needle or trocar
Purpose: disposal, treatment, diagnosis,
biopsy
Principles: the punctures tract should be
as short as possible, the manoeuvre must
be aseptic
INDICATIONS
Pneumothorax
Paracentesis
Pneumoperitoneum
Pancreatic pseudocyst
Abscess
Biopsy
Seldinger puncture
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Haemophilia
Treatment with anticoagulants
Tetanus
Induction of general anaesthesia
REQUIRED MATERIALS
Iodine alcohol, soft
material, sterile gloves
Syringe with needle,
lidocaine
Puncture
needle,
trocar and syringe
Fittings and containers
for collection
Fluids for lavage
STANDARD TECHNIQUE
Patients information on the procedure and obtaining his written
consent
A comfortable position will be further on chosen, with removal of the
clothing from the examined region
Sterile gloves will be used during the examination
The region to be punctured will be sanitized
Local anaesthesia will be further on performed
The clinically or imagistically spotted region will be punctured with the
needle attached to the syringe
The collections content will be drawn and stored in special containers
according to the test that is to be performed
For therapeutic puncture, the desired substance will be injected
The needle is firmly removed
The region will undergo massage with a alcohol swab
Sterile dressing
Rest for 30 minutes
TYPES OF PUNCTURES
THORACIC PUNCTURE (THORACENTESIS)
PERICARDIAL PUNCTURE
ABDOMINAL PUNCTURE (PARACENTESIS)
SUPRAPUBIC PUNCTURE
LUMBAR PUNCTURE
STERNAL PUNCTURE
BIOPSY - PUNCTURE
CLICK USING THE MOUSE ON EACH TITLE
THORACIC PUNCTURE
(THORACENTESIS)
IMAGE
THORACIC PUNCTURE
(THORACENTESIS)
PERICARDIAL
PUNCTURE
Purpose: disposal
Patients position and punctures place:
Seated: intercostal space V at 6 cm from the left edge of the stern
Supine position: top of the xiphoid appendix
Morphine should be administered
Sanitization of the region, sterile gloves will be used during examination
Local anaesthesia
The needle attached to the syringe will be positioned perpendicularly to the skin
Under moderate aspiration, one goes forward with the needle until fluid enters in
the syringe (this is when one knows the pericardial cavity has been reached)
The desired quantity of fluid will be sampled
The puncture needle is firmly removed the region will undergo massage
Sterile dressing
Bed rest for the patient
INCIDENTS, ACCIDENTS, COMPLICATIONS: bleeding, restlessness, irregular
heartbeats
ABDOMINAL PUNCTURE
(PARACENTESIS)
Purpose: disposal (for ascites, no more than 5 litres per session will be disposed),
diagnosis
Patients position: supine position
Punctures place: midway between the umbilicus and the left anterior-superior iliac
spine, 2 cm under umbilicus
IMAGES
Local anaesthesia
Sanitization of the region, sterile gloves will be used during examination
The needle will be positioned perpendicularly to the skin, penetrating all the layers of
the abdominal wall (there will be two resistant layers aponeurosis and transversalis
fascia
The peritoneal fluid will be drawn and stored in the indicated containers or the needle
will be coupled to an external drainage system
Peritoneal lavage: to the puncture needle, with the help of a blood infusion pump, a
bottle of physiological serum will be placed to at least one meter above the bed.
Once emptied, the bottle will be placed at the level of the bed, thus allowing the
leaking of the fluid from the peritoneal cavity into the bottle
The puncture needle is firmly removed, sterile dressing
Bed rest for the patient
INCIDENTS, ACCIDENTS, COMPLICATIONS: puncture of an intestinal loop,
gastrointestinal bleeding or vascular collapse in the event of sudden decompression
of the abdomen
ABDOMINAL PUNCTURE
(PARACENTESIS)
Veress needle
SUPRAPUBIC PUNCTURE
LUMBAR PUNCTURE
LUMBAR PUNCTURE
STERNAL PUNCTURE
Purpose: diagnosis
Patients position: supine position
Mialgin or Morphine is administered
Punctures place: stern
Sanitization of the region, sterile gloves will be used during examination
Local anaesthesia will be performed
With the Malarme trocar, placed perpendicularly on the stern, one goes
forward until feeling the entrance is entirely void of obstructions
The tenaculum is removed and with a sterile syringe are sampled 4 ml
of haematogenous medulla
The trocar is sampled
Sanitization of the region with alcohol
Sterile dressing
INCIDENTS, ACCIDENTS, COMPLICATIONS: infection, stern fracture
BIOPSY - PUNCTURE
Purpose: diagnosis
Patients position: one will choose the most comfortable
VIDEO
Biopsy needle
BIOPSY - PUNCTURE
MAMMARY TUMOR
IN ORDER TO SEE AGAIN THE CLIP, CLICK USING THE MOUSE ON THE IMAGE
SURGICAL SUTURE
DEFINITION, PURPOSE, PRINCIPLES
INDICATIONS
CONTRAINDICATIONS
REQUIRED MATERIALS
TECHNIQUE
INCIDENTS, ACCIDENTS, COMPLICATIONS
MEDICAL CARE
CLICK USING THE MOUSE ON EACH TITLE
CONTENTS
DEFINITION,
PURPOSE,
PRINCIPLES
INDICATIONS
Restoring the continuity of the incised or
broken structures
Fixing some mobile structures to other mobile
or fix structures
Fixing of prosthesis (prostheses, grafts, etc.)
Fixing the drain tubes, probes
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Infected wounds
Old septic high-risk wounds
Purulent incised collections
Suture of viscera in peritonitis
Poorly vascularised structures
REQUIRED MATERIALS
Sterile gloves
Soft sterile material
SEE ANTISEPTICS
Antiseptic solutions
Suture needles
FOTO
Suture threads
Metal staples
Needle holder
Anatomic clamp with or without teeth
Scissors
REQUIRED MATERIALS
REQUIRED MATERIALS
REQUIRED MATERIALS
NEEDLES
REQUIRED MATERIALS
SUTURE THREADS
TECHNIQUE
Patients information on the procedure and
obtaining his written consent
Preoperative preparation of the suture place
(waxing, sanitization, disposal and cleaning of
hollow viscera)
Preparation of the structures to be sutured:
identification and tracking of anatomical
elements, perfect hemostasis, adequate
vascularization, removal of the fat from the
level of the suture
TECHNIQUE
INTERRUPTED SUTURE
CONTINUOUS SUTURE
METAL STAPLES SUTURE
TECHNIQUE
INTERRUPTED SUTURE
TECHNIQUE
INTERRUPTED SUTURE
SIMPLE INTERRUPTED SUTURE
VIDEO
TECHNIQUE
INTERRUPTED SUTURE
SIMPLE INTERRUPTED SUTURE
PERITONEUM-APONEUROTIC SUTURE
IN ORDER TO SEE AGAIN THE CLIP, CLICK USING THE MOUSE ON THE IMAGE
TECHNIQUE
INTERRUPTED SUTURE
SIMPLE INTERRUPTED SUTURE
CUTANEOUS SUTURE
IN ORDER TO SEE AGAIN THE CLIP, CLICK USING THE MOUSE ON THE IMAGE
TECHNIQUE
INTERRUPTED SUTURE
HORIZONTAL MATTRESS SUTURE LEXER
TECHNIQUE
INTERRUPTED SUTURE
VERTICAL MATTRESS SUTURE
TECHNIQUE
INTERRUPTED SUTURE
VERTICAL MATTRESS SUTURE
IN ORDER TO SEE AGAIN THE CLIP, CLICK USING THE MOUSE ON THE IMAGE
TECHNIQUE
CONTINUOUS SUTURE
TECHNIQUE
Separate points
The
mechanical
suture of the hollow
viscera (it is fast,
tight and provides a
very good approach)
INCIDENTS, ACCIDENTS,
COMPLICATIONS
Breaking of the suture threads
The wound gets opened by the sectioning of the
sutured structures
Seroma
Hematoma, bleedings
Infection
Eventrations
Eviscerations
Thread granuloma
Vicious scar
MEDICAL CARE
Daily dressing in the first two days, then as
needed
The threads will be removed in 4-14 days from
the suture, depending on local factors
(vascularization, etc..) and general factors
(cachexia, malignancy, etc.) - 4 days for scalp
and neck, 7-10 days for thorax and abdomen,
12 days for limbs
Clips will be removed 4 days postoperatively
BANDAGING
(DRESSING OF A WOUND)
CONTENTS
DEFINITION, PURPOSE,
PRINCIPLES
Definition: it represents the method through which the body is
covered or fixed with gauze or elastic rollers
Purpose: fixing the bandage
Principles:
Not to cause pain, not to be too tight or too wide
To cover well the region, protecting and isolating the wound
To achieve a better fixing of the bandage
To allow mobilization of the dressed segment
The roller is unfolded from left to right
The fixing of the dressing is made at distance from the wound
in order not to cause pain
At the level of the limbs, the bandage will be made from distal
to proximal
REQUIRED MATERIALS
Gauze roller of varying lengths and
widths
Elastic roller
Adhesive strip of fixation
Nets
Staples
REQUIRED MATERIALS
Types of rollers
Plaster roller
REQUIRED MATERIALS
FIXING MATERIALS
Adhesive strip
Fixing staple
Galifix
Elastic net
TECHNIQUE
Dressing will start with 1-3 circular fixing laps
The roller will be unfolded with the right hand and fixed
with the left hand
Bandaging will continue according to the region
involved
Bandaging will end with 1-2 circular laps
Bandaging is fixed with adhesive stripes or safety pins
placed away from the wound
Bandaging will be removed by cuts with scissors made
in a part outside the wound
TECHNIQUE
GENERAL TECHNIQUES
BANDAGING ACCORDING TO TOPOGRAPHICAL REGIONS
GENERAL TECHNIQUES
CIRCULAR BANDAGING
SPIRAL BANDAGING
FAN BANDAGING
SPICA BANDAGING
IMAGE-OF-EIGHT BANDAGING
RECURRENT FOLD BANDAGING
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TECHNIQUE
CIRCULAR BANDAGING
TECHNIQUE
SPIRAL BANDAGING
TECHNIQUE
FAN BANDAGING
TECHNIQUE
SPICA BANDAGING
TECHNIQUE
IMAGE-OF-EIGHT BANDAGING
TECHNIQUE
BANDAGING
ACCORDING TO
TOPOGRAPHICAL
REGIONS
AT THE LEVEL OF THE HEAD
TECHNIQUE
Types of bandages
CAPELINE
MONOCLE, BINOCLE
NASAL SLING AND CHIN BANDAGE
TECHNIQUE
TECHNIQUE
CAPELINE
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TECHNIQUE
INDICATIONS:
ophthalmology
With one roller, are done
1-2 circular laps in the
fronto-occipital
region;
then, are done oblique
laps in the temporo-subauricular uni or bilateral
region, fixed by 1-2 circular
laps. The bandaging ends
with 1-2 circular laps
MONOCLE
BINOCLE
TECHNIQUE
A roller of approximately
80 cm length will be split
in
both
extremities,
leaving in the middle 6-8
cm
not
split.
The
extremities are crossed
over each other and
behind the ear, being
knotted at the blackhead
and calvaria
SLING
FOUR-TAILED
BANDAGE
TECHNIQUE
ANTERIOR SPICA OF
THE NECK
POSTERIOR SPICA OF
THE NECK
These
are
complex
bandages
They apply the 8-shape
bandaging technique as
well as the circular
bandaging
TECHNIQUE
Types of bandages:
VELPEAU BANDAGE
BREAST SPICA
TECHNIQUE
VELPEAU BANDAGE
TECHNIQUE
BREAST SPICA
INDICATIONS:
mastectomy
2-3 circular laps will
be done on the thorax
under the normal
breast, then oblique
laps
over
the
shoulder, altering with
circular chest laps
VIDEO
TECHNIQUE
BREAST SPICA
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TECHNIQUE
VIDEO
TECHNIQUE
AT THE LEVEL OF THE ABDOMEN-LOOSE BANDAGE
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TECHNIQUE
TECHNIQUE
TECHNIQUE
TECHNIQUE
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TECHNIQUE
TECHNIQUE
IMAGE-OF-EIGHT BANDAGING
HAND
ANKLE
TECHNIQUE
IMAGE-OF-EIGHT BANDAGING-HAND
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TECHNIQUE
IMAGE-OF-EIGHT BANDAGING-ANKLE
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TECHNIQUE
CIRCULAR BANDAGING
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TECHNIQUE
STUMP THIGH
Elastic stocking
Fixing bandage with an elastic net
URINARY CATHETERIZATION
DEFINITION, PRINCIPLES
PURPOSE
INDICATIONS
CONTRAINDICATIONS
REQUIRED MATERIALS
TECHNIQUE
INCIDENTS, ACCIDENTS, COMPLICATIONS
MEDICAL CARE
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CONTENTS
DEFINITION,
PRINCIPLES
Definition: it represents a method through
which the communication between the
external environment and bladder is
achieved
Principle: it is an aseptic method
Purpose
Disposal:
Monitoring: in hydro-electrolytic unstable
patients, during the postoperative immediate
phase (loss evaluation)
Therapy : acute retention of urine (urgency)
Exploration: a radio-opaque substance is
inserted allowing to obtain information on the
bladders form, shape, size
Therapy: antibiotics (urinary tract infections),
chemotherapy (cancer)
INDICATIONS
Acute retention of urine
Prostate stenosis (for disposal purpose
and simultaneously accomplishes a
dilatation of the urethra)
Urethral stenosis
Administration of radio-opaque substances
Administration of drugs (antibiotics,
chemotherapeutic)
CONTRAINDICATION
S
The major urethral structure when are
created false paths or the urethral
rupture due to the catheters insertion
REQUIRED MATERIALS
Oilcloth
Sterile gloves
Sterile solution for sanitization
Nelaton probe (women), Thyeman
(balloon), Pezzer
Lubrication gel
Collecting bag
Kidney tray, basin
(men)
Foley
TECHNIQUE
The oilcloth is placed under the patient, together with a basin or a
kidney tray
The patient is in supine position, with the hips flexed on the legs
and knees apart
Gloves must be used for now on. Left hand will be used for the local
toilet (penis glans for men, vulvar region for women); the right hand
will be used for handling the catheter, the glove being kept sterile
After doing the toilet with the left hand, the glans is opened or the
vulvar lips are kept apart; after this, a lavage with abundant
antiseptic solutions will be made
The physician will keep the peak of the catheter while the distal end
will be attached to the collecting bag by the nurse
The lubricant will be poured in the catheter's peak and in the penis
urinary meatus
TECHNIQUE FOR THE MALE
TECHNIQUE FOR THE FEMALE
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INCIDENTS, ACCIDENTS,
COMPLICATIONS
The false path" is the most common complication that can lead to rupture
of the urethra. It requires the urgent attention of the urology department
The balloons filling in the urethra causes the dilatation of the urethra, which
can be accompanied by bleeding or rupture. In order to avoid this accident,
first the catheter will be entirely inserted and only after that the balloon will
inflate
Bleeding ex vacuo" occurs due to sudden emptying of the bladder that
causes the rupture of the blood vessel in the bladder mucosa
If it is necessary to evacuate a large amount of urine, then this will be
gradually made, evacuating small amounts of urine alternating for few
minutes with the catheters plucking
Urinary infection
The blocking of the catheter with clots, flakes, precipitates requires washing
with antiseptic and anti-obstruction solutions
MEDICAL CARE
Purpose: the sterility of the bladder and
of the disposed urine must be maintained
The catheter will be changed in 7 days
time in aseptic conditions
The collecting bag must be changed or
emptied in aseptic conditions
Local hygiene
SURGICAL
INSTRUMENTS
CONTENTS
TYPES OF
INSTRUMENTS
INSTRUMENTS TO SECTION TISSUES
INSTRUMENTS OF EXPLORATION
INSTRUMENTS TO GRASP AND MANIPULATE
TISSUES
INSTRUMENTS OF HEMOSTASIS
INSTRUMENTS OF REMOVAL
INSTRUMENTS OF SUTURE
INSTRUMENTS OF FIXATION
INSTRUMENTE FOR LAPAROSCOPY
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INSTRUMENTS TO
SECTION TISSUES
INSTRUMENTS TO
SECTION TISSUES
Electric scalpel
Hand grip scalpel
Scissors
Scalpel blades
INSTRUMENTS TO
SECTION TISSUES
Saw
Costotome
Chisel
Bone cutter
INSTRUMENTS TO
SECTION TISSUES
Amputation knife
Gigli saw
INSTRUMENTS OF
EXPLORATION
Channelled catheter
Histometer
INSTRUMENTS TO GRASP
AND MANIPULATE
TISSUES
INSTRUMENTS TO GRASP
AND MANIPULATE
TISSUES
INSTRUMENTS TO GRASP
AND MANIPULATE
TISSUES
Heart-shape clamp
Babckok clamp
INSTRUMENTS TO GRASP
AND MANIPULATE
TISSUES
Coprostatic clamps
L-shape clamp
INSTRUMENTS OF
HEMOSTASIS
INSTRUMENTS OF
HEMOSTASIS
Kocher clamps
Pan clamps
Satinski clamps
INSTRUMENTS OF
HEMOSTASIS
INSTRUMENTS OF
REMOVAL
Farabeuf spreader
Valves
Auto-static spreaders: Gosset, Dartigues,
Finochetto, Collin
Anal dilators
Vaginal speculum
INSTRUMENTS OF
REMOVAL
Finochetto spreader
Farabeuf spreaders
Volkman spreader
Valves
INSTRUMENTS OF
REMOVAL
Gosset spreader
Dartigues spreader
INSTRUMENTS OF
REMOVAL
Vaginal speculum
Anal dilator
INSTRUMENTS OF
SUTURE
Round and triangular, straight or curved
Hagedorn needles
Atraumatic needles
Metal staples
Mathieu Needle holder
Hegar Needle holder
Rechargeable or disposable staplers
INSTRUMENTS OF
SUTURE
INSTRUMENTS OF
SUTURE
Round-head needle
Reverdin needle
Triangular-head needle
INSTRUMENTS OF
SUTURE
Metal staples
Fixing adhesive strips
INSTRUMENTS OF FIXATION
(racks)
INSTRUMENTE FOR
LAPAROSCOPY
Clamps
Trocar
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BIBLIOGRAPH
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CONTENTS
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CONTENTS