Sunteți pe pagina 1din 33

File-oriented systems versus

database systems
Computer-based data processing systems
were initially used for scientific and
engineering calculations.
The manual system worked well as data
repository as long as the data collection
were
relatively
small
and
the
organisations managers has few reporting
requirements.

As the organisations grew and as the


reporting requirements became more
complex, it became difficult in keeping
track of data in the manual file system.
Also report generation from a manual file
system could be slow and cumbersome.
Thus, this manual filing system was
replaced with a computer-based filing
system.

File-oriented systems were an early attempt


to computerize the manual filing system .
These systems performed normal recordkeeping functions, they were called data
processing (DP) systems.
The following shows an example of fileoriented system of an organisation engaged
in product distribution.
Each table represents a file in the system.

PRODUCT
PRODUCT-ID

PRODUCT-DESC

MANUF-ID

UNIT-COST

A12345

STEEL ALMIRAH

100

4000

B23412

DRYER

200

4500

B44332

FREEZE

210

6000

A98765

STEEL TABLE

105

3500

A29834

STEEL CHAIR

110

4800

C11008

IRON MOULDING

444

5100

CUSTOMER
CUSTID

CUSTNAME

CUSTADDRESS

1001

Waterhous Box 41,


e ltd.
Mumbai

India

241701
5

45,000

1000

KLY
System

USA

200089
4

33,550

1005

Megapoint C-12, Pataya,


s
Goa

India

222200
9

74,314

1010

Concept
Shapers

32, Main
Road, Ranchi

India

459873
3

49,444

1006

Trinity
Agencies

P.O.Box 266,
Tokyo

Japan

234567
8

55,542

41, 1st street,


Chicago

COUNTR TEL-NO BALY


AMT

SALES
SALEDATE

CUST-ID

PROD-ID

QTY

UNITPRICE

02/12/0
2

1001

A12345

100

6,700

10/10/0
2

1000

B23412

250

4,000

12/12/0
3

1010

B44332

120

14,000

01/04/0
4

1005

A98765

110

5,500

30/02/0
4

1001

A29834

300

12,999

The above table shows


product file, sales file.

customer

file,

Each row in these files represents a record


in the file.
Product file contains 6 records and each
of these records contains data about
different products.
The individual data items or fields in the
PRODUCT file are PRODUCT-ID, PRODUCTDESC, MANUF-ID, UNIT-COST.

CUSTOMER file contains 5 records and


each of these records contains data about
customer.
The individual data items in CUSTOMER
file are CUST-ID, CUST-NAME, CUSTADDRESS, COUNTRY, TEL-NO AND BALAMT.

Similarly, SALES file contains 5 records


and each of these records contains
data about sales activities.
The individual data items in SALES file
are SALES-DATE, CUST-ID, PROD-ID,
QTY, UNIT-PRICE.

With the assistance of DP department,


the files were used for a number of
different applications by the user
departments.
e.g. account receivable program written
to generate billing statements for
customers.
This program used the CUSTOMER
AND SALES files and these files were
both stored in the computer in order by
CUST-ID and were merged to create a
printed statement.

USER DEPARTMENT

USER DEPARTMENT

DATA ENTRY AND


REPORTS

DATA ENTRY AND


REPORTS

ACCOUNTS
RECEIVALBE
PROGRAM
(APPLILCATION
FILE
FILE
PROGRAM)
DEFINITI
HANDLIN
ON
G
ROUTINES

SALES STATEMENT
PROGRAM
APPLICATION
SOFTWARE
FILE
FILE
DEFINITI HANDLIN
ON
G
ROUTINES

CUSTOME
R FILE

SALES
FILE

PRODUCT
FILE

SALES
FILE

The physical structure and storage of data files


and records are defined in the application
program as follows.
a) Sales department stores details relating
to sales performance, namely SALES(SALEDATE, CUST-ID, PROD-ID, QTY, UNIT-PRICE)
b)
Customer department stores details
relating to customer invoice realization
summary, namely CUSTOMER(CUST-ID, CUSTNAME, CUST-ADD, COUNTRY, TEL-NO,BAL-AMT).
c)
Product department stores details
relating to product categorization summary,
namely
PRODUCT(PROD-ID,
PROD-DESC,
MANUF-ID, UNIT-COST)

It can been seen from the above


example that there is significant
amount of duplication of data storage
in different departments (for example,
CUST-ID AND PROD-ID), which is
generally true with the file-oriented
systems.

Advantages of File Oriented Systems


1) It provides a useful historical perspective
on how we handle data.
2) The characteristics of a file-based system
helps in an overall understanding of
design complexity of database systems.
3) Understanding the problems and
knowledge of limitation inherent in the
file-based system help avoid these same
problem when designing database
systems thereby resulting in smooth
transition.

Disadvantages of File Oriented Systems


1) Data redundancy (or duplication):decentralized approach, used their own
independent application programs and
special files of data.
resulted in duplication of same data
and information in several files.
This redundancy and duplication of
data is wasteful and requires additional
or higher storage space, costs extra
time
and
money,
and
requires
increased effort to keep files up-to-

2) Data inconsistency
integrity):-

(or

loss

of

data

Data redundancy also leads to data


inconsistency (or loss of data
integrity), since either the data
formats may be inconsistent or
data values (various copies of the
same data) may no longer agree
or both.

PROD-DESC

PROD-DES

STEEL CHR

STEEL CHAIR

15
CHARACTE
RS

20
CHARACTE
RS

SALES FILE

PRODUCT FILE

PRODDESC
STEEL CH

10
CHARACTE
RS

ACCOUNTS
FILE

3) Program Data Independence:Changes in one may effect the changes


in the other file descriptions.
4) Poor Data Control:Decentralised
multiple names
different meanings of a data field in
different context
5) Limited data sharing:Because application has its own
private files and users have little
opportunity to share data outside
their own applications.

6) Inadequate data
capabilities:-

manipulation

7) Excessive programming effort:High


interdependence
between
programs and data in fileoriented system and therefore it
needs
an
excessive
programming effort.
8) Security problems

Database System Environment:A database system refers to an


organisation of components that define and
regulate
the
collection,
storage
management and use of data within a
database environment. It consists of four
main parts.
1)
2)
3)
4)

Data
Hardware
Software
Users (people)

Data:Most important component of database.


The totality of data in the system is all
stored in a single database
The data in a data base can be both
1) Integrated
2) Shared
Depending on the size and requirement
of an organisation or enterprise, db system
are availabe on machine ranging from
single user system to multi user system.

Hardware:All the physical devices of a computer are


termed as hardware.
The hardware can be divided into two
components.
1) The processor and associated main
memory to support the execution of db
system (DBMS) software and

2)
The secondary (or external) storage
devices (for example hard disk, magnetic
disks, compact disks, and so on) that are
used to hold the stored data, together with
the associated peripherals (for example,
input/output devices, device controllers,
input/output channels and so on.)

Software:It is the basic interface (or layer) between


the physical database and the users.
It is most commonly known as database
management systems (DBMS).
It comprises the applications programs
together with the operating system software.
All requests from the users to access the
database are handled by DBMS.

Application programs are written typically


in a third-generation programming language
(3GL), such as ,C, C++, Visual Basic, Java,
COBOL, Ada, Pascal, Fortran and so on.
They
also
use
fourth
languages such as SQL.

generation

Users:They are the people interacting with


the database system in any form.
There could be various categories of
users.
1) application programmers
2) end users
3) DBAs
4) Database designers

ADVANTAGES OF DBMS
1) Minimal data redundancy
2) Program-data independence
3) Efficient data access
4) Improved data sharing
5) Improved data consistency
6) Improved data integrity

7) Improved security
8) Increased productivity
development

of

application

9) Enforcement of standards
10)Economy of scale
11)Balance of conflicting requirements.
12)Improved
data
responsiveness.

accessibility

and

13) Increased concurrency


14) Reduced program maintenance
15)
Improved
services

backup

16) Improved data quality.

and

recovery

DISADVANTAGES OF DBMS
1) Increased complexity
2) Requirement of new and specialized
manpower
3) Large size of DBMS
4) Increased Installation and management
cost.
5) Additional hardware cost

6) Conversion cost
7) Need for explicit backup and recovery
8) Organizational conflict

S-ar putea să vă placă și