Telecom & Networking3

TCP/IP Protocol Suite

(Internet Model)

Comparison of Network Models

1. OSI Model (Open System Interconnect)
2. Internet Model (TCP/IP Model)

TCP/IP
Model

Application
5. Application Layer

Presentation
Session

4. Transport Layer
3. Network Layer

Transport
Network

2. Host-to-Network

Data Link

1. Physical Layer

Physical

ISO
Model

Comparison of Network Models

TCP/IP is used in the Internet. Common mechanism that is gaining on/surpassing
the OSI Model.

Data Flow in TCP/IP Network

Some books show 4 layers and others 5 in TCP/IP. We will consider 5

Internet Model (TCP/IP Model)

users
usersaccess
accesstoto
the
thenetwork
network
5.5.Application
ApplicationLayer
Layer

end-to-end
end-to-endissues,
issues,
manage
logical
manage logical
connection
connection
routing
routingand
andaddress
address

4.4.Transport
TransportLayer
Layer
3.3.Network
NetworkLayer
Layer
2.2.Host-to-Network
Host-to-Network
1.1.Physical
PhysicalLayer
Layer

network
networkaccess.
access.moving
movingaa
message
messagefrom
fromone
onecomputer
computertoto
the
thenext
nextcomputer
computerininthe
the
network
networkpath
path
physical
physicalconnection
connection
between
betweenthe
thesender
senderand
and
the
thereceiver
receiver

Internet Model
What application
data to deliver?

Emails, Web pages

How to deliver the

data logically ?

Destination
address, the route
to get there, etc?

How to transport the

data physically?

Transmission media

5.5.Application
ApplicationLayer
Layer

4.4.Transport
TransportLayer
Layer
3.3.Network
NetworkLayer
Layer
2.2.Host-to-Network
Host-to-Network
1.1.Physical
PhysicalLayer
Layer

TCP/IP and the OSI Model

TCP/IP Protocol Layering

Each layer takes data from above
adds header information to create new data unit
passes new data unit to layer below
source
M
Ht M
Hn Ht M
Hl Hn Ht M

application
transport
network
link
physical

destination
application
Ht
transport
Hn Ht
network
Hl Hn Ht
link
physical

message

segment

M
M

datagram
frame

The term Message" is usually associated with

Application layer
The term "Segments" is usually associated with
Transport layer
The
term
"Packets/Datagrams"
associated with Network Layer and

is

usually

The term "Frames" is usually associated with Data

Link Layer

TCP/IP Encapsulation Between Layers

Message Flow Through Layers: Encapsulation

User Data

5.5.Application
ApplicationLayer
Layer

Data

Data
4.4.Transport
TransportLayer
Layer

3.3.Network
NetworkLayer
Layer

2.2.Data
DataLink
LinkLayer
Layer

1.1.Physical
PhysicalLayer
Layer

TCP

Data

IP

TCP

Data

Ethernet IP

TCP

Data

TCP/IP Protocol Stack

5.5.Application
ApplicationLayer
Layer

HTTP
HTTP

4.4.Transport
TransportLayer
Layer

FTP
FTP

SMTP
SMTP

TELNET
TELNET

TCP
TCP
RSVP
RSVP

SNMP
SNMP

UDP
UDP

ICMP
ICMP OSPF
OSPF

3.3.Network
NetworkLayer
Layer

IP
IP

2.2.Data
DataLink
LinkLayer
Layer

HDLC
HDLC

LAPB
LAPB

LAPD
LAPD

LLC
LLC

1.1.Physical
PhysicalLayer
Layer

Portions
Portionsof
ofISDN,
ISDN,LAN,
LAN,DSL,
DSL,RS-232,
RS-232,V.92
V.92Modem
Modem

Protocol Layering
Web Browser

Web Server

Application Layer

Application Layer
HTTP Message

Transport Layer

Transport Layer
TCP Packet

Internet Layer

Internet Layer
IP Datagram

Network Layer

Network Layer
Ethernet Frame

Physical Network

Protocols
Protocol Stack or Protocol Suite - Sets of
network protocol layers working together
Packets - Piece of a message to be
transmitted
Frames - Logical groups of information
formatted as a continuous series of bits

Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP

Stream Control Transmission Protocol

Addresses in TCP/IP
Four levels of addresses are used in an internet
employing the TCP/IP protocols: physical, logical, port,
and specific.

Physical Addresses
Logical Addresses
Port Addresses
Specific Addresses

The physical addresses change from hop to hop,

but the logical and port addresses usually remain the same.

Physical Addresses

MAC Address
most local-area networks use a 48-bit (6-byte) physical
address written as 12 hexadecimal digits; every byte (2
hexadecimal digits) is separated by a colon, as shown
below:

07:01:02:01:2C:4B
6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address

IP addresses