EXERCISE 13

Top 10
Diseases
in the
Philippines

 Disease
A condition of abnormal vital function
involving any structure, part or system of an
organism.
Illness
Its is a loss of health. The symptoms can be
identified like aches and pain.

Ill health
A term used to refer the experience of disease
plus illness. If there is a report on symptoms and
further investigation such as laboratory test to
prove a disease process, the term ill health is
used.

Top 10 Diseases in the Philippines

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Hypertension
Peripheral Vascular Disease
Cancer
Accident
Pneumonia
Tuberculosis
Symptoms, Signs, Ill-defines
Condition
8. Chronic Lower Respiratory Disease
9. Diabetes
10.Maternal and Perinatal Conditions

Hypertension
DISEASE

ORGAN/SYSTEM
AFFECTED

Hypertensi Heart
on

DRUG
THERAPY

Calcium
Channel
Blockers
Diuretics
Vasodilators
ACE
Inhibitors

EXAMPLE

Verapamil
Indapamide
Hydralazine
Captopril

CAUSE

SIGN &
SYMPTOMS

Smoking
Obesity
Coarctation of
aorta
Stress
Genetics
Chronic
kidney
disease

Lightheadedness
Increase BP
Decrease urine
output
Fluttering
heart
Chest pain
Shortness of
breath
Palpitation

PREVENTIVE MEASURE

Eat Healthy Diet

Stop Smoking and Drinking
Alcohol
Exercise
Avoid eating too many fatty
foods or foods with too much
salt.

Peripheral Vascular
Disease

Organ/syste
m Affected

Veins, arteries

Causes

Peripheral
artery disease
(due to
atherosclerosis
)
Blood clot:
thrombus/emb
oli
Diabetes: high
blood sugar,
high BP
Inflammation
of the arteries:
arteritis,
vasculitis
Infection:
salmonellosis,
syphilis
Structural
defects:
acquired at
birth; Takayasu
disease

Signs and
Symptoms

Intermittent
claudication
Rest pain
Buttock pain
Numbness,
tingling, or
weakness in
the legs
Burning or
aching pain in
the feet or toes
while resting
A sore on a leg
or a foot that
will not heal
One or both
legs or feet feel
cold or change
color (pale,
bluish, dark
reddish)
Loss of hair on
the legs

Drug
Therapy

(cilostazol and
pentoxifylline) to help
improve
walking
distance and
relieve
symptoms of
claudication
Antiplatelets,
thrombolytics,
anticoagulants
aspirin,
clopidogrel,
warfarin
cholesterollowering
agents (statins)
atorvastatin,
simvastatin
ACE inhibitor
Antidiabetics

Preventive
Measure

avoiding
smoking
controlling
blood sugar
exercisegoal of
30 minutes a
day, three
times a week
lower
cholesterol and
blood pressure
eating a
healthy diet
Weight
managament

Cancer
Organ/syste
m Affected

*Depends on
the type of
cancer
Cells, skin,
breast,
digestive,
endocrine,
reproductive,
respiratory,
immune
systems, etc.

Causes

Chemical or
toxic
compound
exposures
Ionizing
radiaition
Pathogens
Genetics
Tobacco,
diet, physical
activity
Lifestyle
Sun and UV
exposure

Signs and
Symptoms

Change in
bowel or
bladder
habits
sore
throatthat
does not
heal
Unusual
bleeding or
discharge
Thickening
or lump in
the body
Indigestion
Nagging
cough
orhoarsenes
s
Unexplained
loss of
weight
orloss of
appetite

Drug
Therapy

Chemotherap
eutic drugs
drugs
depend on
the targeted
cancer
E.g.
vinblastine,
fluorouracil,
interferon

Preventive
Measure

Stop
smoking
Avoid
excessive
sun
exporsure
Eat a healthy
diet
Exercise
Maintain a
healthy
weight
Drink alcohol
in
moderation
Schedule
cancer
screening
exams
immunizatio
ns

Accident
Organ/syste
m Affected
Accidents can
cause any
number
ofdifferent
injuries, to
virtually any
part of your
body,
depending on
the
circumstances
of the crash
and the
severity of the
impact. The
most common
are: Brain
and head,
neck, spinal
cord, back,
face, internal
and
psychologica
l injuries.

Causes

Taking
shortcuts
Being
overconfident,
Ignoring safety
procedures
Starting job
with
incomplete
instructions
Poor
housekeeping
Mental
distractions
from work
Failure to preplan work.

Signs and
Symptoms
raised, swollen
area from a bump
or a bruise
Headache
Confusion
Nausea
fatigue/lethargy
loss of
consciousness
repeated nausea
and vomiting
slurred speech
Sweating
seizures or
convulsions
open wound in
the head
pain

Drug
Therapy

Anticonvulsants- :
Gabapentin
(Neurontin),
Diazepam
(Valium)Anxiol
ytics and
antidepressant
s
NSAIDsIbuprofen
(Advil)

Preventive
Measure
Primary
prevention:
removal of
circumstances
causing injury eg, traffic speed
reduction, fitting
stair gates for
young children.
Secondary
prevention:
reduces severity
of injury should
an accident occur
- eg, use child
safety car seats,
bicycle helmets.
Tertiary
prevention:
optimal treatment
and rehabilitation
following injuries eg, effective first
aid, appropriate
hospital care.

Pneumonia/ Bronchospasm/
Community-acquired
Pneumonia
(CAP)
Organ/syste
Causes
Signs and
Drug Therapy
m Affected

Lungs
Alveoli/ air
sacs

Symptoms
Bacteria,
viruses and
fungi.
Haemophilu
s
influenzae,
Mycoplasma
pneumoniae

Episodes of
coughing with
greenish or yellow
mucus.
Patients also
experience fever,
SOB, loss of
appetite and
excessive fatigue.

Pneumonia/ CAP
Stop smoking. You're more likely to get
pneumonia if you smoke.
Avoid people who have infections that
sometimes lead to pneumonia.
Stay away from people who havecolds,
theflu, or other respiratory tract
infections.
Wash your handsoften. This helps
prevent the spread of viruses and bacteria
that may cause pneumonia.

Anti-convulsants- :
Gabapentin
(Neurontin), Diazepam
(Valium)Anxiolytics and
antidepressants
NSAIDs- Ibuprofen
(Advil)

Bronchospasm
Avoid Allergy Triggers and
Irritants
Manage Physical Exercise
Reduce Anxiety and Emotional
Stress
Promptly Treat Infections
Commit to Your Designated
Treatment

Pneumonia/
CAP
Drug
therapy

Example of drug:

Macrolides

Azithromycin (Zithromax, Zmax)

Tetracyclines

Doxycycline (Doryx, Vibramycin)

Fluoroquinolones

Levofloxacin (Levaquin)

Cephalosporin

Cefuroxime (Ceftin)

Penicillins

Amoxicillin (Himox)

Bronchospasm
Vancomycin
Drug therapy
Beta-arenergic agonists
(B2)

Vancomycin (Vancocin)
Example of drug:
Salbutamol (Asmalin, Hivent,
Ventolin)

Tuberculosis
DISEASE

ORGAN/SYSTEM
AFFECTED

Tuberculos Lungs
is
(pulmonary
TB), but can
affect CNS,
GI system,
bones, joints
and even
skin
DRUG
THERAPY

Anti-TB
agents

EXAMPLE

CAUSE

By
mycobacteria
mainly
Mycobacteriu
m
tuberculosis

SIGN &
SYMPTOMS

Pain, coughing
up blood &
productive,
prolonged
cough for >3
weeks
sometimes
with fever and
chill

PREVENTIVE MEASURE

Isoniazid,
BCG vaccination
Rifampin,
Pyrazinamide
, Ethambutol,
Streptomycin

Symptoms, Signs and Ill

defines conditions
This section includes symptoms,
signs, abnormal results of
laboratory or other investigative
procedures and ill-defined
conditions on which no diagnosis
classifiable elsewhere is
recorded.

Necrotizing Enterocolitis
(NEC)
Most common intestinal emergency in the preterm infant,
occuring in 1%-5% of patients admitted in NICU and in 13/1000 live births
DISEASE
ORGAN/SYSTEM
CAUSE
SIGN &
AFFECTED

Tuberculos intestine
is

DRUG
THERAPY
No definitive
treatment and
directed at
supportive
care with
cessation of
feeding,
nasogastric
decompression

EXAMPLE

N/A

SYMPTOMS

Prematurity
commonly in
the 1st two
weeks of life

Abdominal
distention,
feeding
intolerance,
vomiting,
diarrhea,
apnea &
temperature
instability

PREVENTIVE MEASURE

Newborns exclusively
breastfed have a reduced risk
of NEC. Probiotic preparations
have decreased the incidence
of NEC.

CLRD and Diabetes

DISEASE

ORGAN/SYSTEM
AFFECTED

Chronic
Lower
Respiratory
Disease

Diabetes

CAUSE

SIGN &
SYMPTOMS

Respiratory
System, Lungs

Bacterial
infections,
smoking,dust,
fumes, coal
miners, metal
workers

Wheezing, SOB,
produces sputum
that may be clear,
white, yellow, or
greenish

Heart, blood
vessels, nerves,
eyes and kidneys

Obesity, Increasing
age, Bad diet,
Family History,
Bacterial/ viral
history

Weight loss,
tiredness, Excessive
thirst, Increased
hunger, frequent
urination

DRUG
THERAPY

EXAMPLE

PREVENTIVE MEASURE

Corticosteriods

Azmacort
(triamcinolone)

Stopping smoking, Avoid bad air,

Pneumococcal vaccine, Flu
vaccines

Type 1 (Insulin)

Humalog

Type 2
(Sulphonylurea
s)

Gliclazide
(Diamicron)

Lose weight, Lower your blood sugar, Boost

your sensitivity to Insulin, Choose good fats
instead of bad fats, Limit red meat
and
avoid processed meat; choose nuts, whole
grains, poultry, or fish instead, Quit smoke.
Regular exercise. Blood sugar monitoring.

Maternal and Perinatal

Conditions
DISEASE

Maternal and
Perinatal
Conditions
Maternal
death- The death
of a
woman while
pregnant or
within 42 days of
termination of
pregnancy
from any cause
related to or
aggravated by the
pregnancy or its
management but
not from
accidental or
incidental causes

Perinatal
death- The
number of
stillbirths and

ORGAN/SYSTEM
AFFECTED

Female
Reproductive
System
(Pregnancy)Fetus and
Embryo
Urinary Tract

CAUSE

SIGN &
SYMPTOMS

Vaginal
Infections
Candidiasis
Trichomoniasis
Endocervical
Infections
Gonorrhea
Urinary Tract
Infections
(E. coli
Infections)
Acute cystitis
Acute
Pyelonephritis
Chorioamnioniti
s
Parvovirus

vaginal
discharge- thin,
gray, malodorous
vaginal pH >
4.5
vaginal or vulvar
pruritus, white
curd-like
discharge
erythematous
and edematous
vaginal and
vulvar mucosa
dyspareunia,
urinary
frequency,
dysuria
fever, chills,
flank pain,

DRUG THERAPY

Topical Agents

Antibacterials

Anti-infective

EXAMPLE

first
trimester
clindamycin
cream (2%) for
7 days
second and
third
trimesters
oral
metronidazole
500 mg bid for
7 days
uncomplicated
infections- for
3-7 days
(miconazole,
terconazole,
clotrimazole,
butoconazole)
persistent
and recurrent
infectionsfluconazole
Tetracyclines
Azithromycin
Erythromycin

PREVENTIVE MEASURE

Systematic Screening- preconceptional and antenatal

screenings of the mother, and
neonatal screening of the infant,
play a major role in early diagnosis
and timely treatment.
Education- modifying habits that
may
increase contact with agents of
communicable diseases is a relevant
medical intervention.
Immunization- Maternal immunity is
transmitted passively to the fetus
for those agents for whom she has
developed antibodies. Vaccines
should
be administered in the
preconceptional period.