Photogrammetry II

(FG 3124)

Photogrammetry

H A Nalani
Faculty of Geomatics
HAN

Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka

Photogrammetry II (FC3124) 2007

Introduction

Near Vertical Photograph

HAN

Photogrammetry II (FC3124) 2007

Introduction

Contents
Geometry of vertical Photograph
Scale of a vertical photograph over flat 6
variable terrain
Ground coordinates from a vertical
photograph
Relief displacement on a vertical photograph
Flying height of a vertical photograph
Differential formulae
HAN

Photogrammetry II (FC3124) 2007

Introduction

Vertical Photograph
What is Vertical Photograph?....
Photograph taken from an aircraft with the
optical axis of the camera vertical or as
nearly vertical as possible are called .
Vertical photograph

HAN

Photogrammetry II (FC3124) 2007

Introduction

Vertical Photograph
If he optical axis is exactly vertical, the
resulting photograph is called truly vertical.
When camera axis is tilted slightly from
vertical, called tilted/ near vertical photogarph
less than 1
Many practical purposes, these photos may be analyzed
using the relatively simple truly vertical equations

HAN

Photogrammetry II (FC3124) 2007

Introduction

Vertical Aerial Photographs

Characteristics:
Tilt no more than 3 degrees from the vertical
The scale is approximately constant throughout the
photo
Within limitations, a vertical air photo can be used as a
map substitute
The most common format is a 9 x 9 inch print
photograph
FOR 220 Aerial Photo Interpretation and Forest Measurements
HAN

Photogrammetry II (FC3124) 2007

Introduction

Vertical Aerial Photographs

Focal Length:
Angle of coverage increases as the focal length decreases
Focal
plane

Focal
length

Focal
plane

Focal
length

Lens

Lens

Angle of
coverage

Angle of
coverage

Ground

Ground
FOR 220 Aerial Photo Interpretation and Forest Measurements
HAN

Photogrammetry II (FC3124) 2007

Introduction

Geometry of a Vertical Photograph

HAN

Photogrammetry II (FC3124) 2007

Introduction

Scale
Map scale is ordinarily interpreted as the ratio of a
map distance to the corresponding distance on the
ground.
The scale of a photograph is the ratio of a distance
on the photo to the corresponding distance on the
ground.
An aerial photograph, is a perspective projection,
its scale varies with variations in terrain elevations.
HAN

Photogrammetry II (FC3124) 2007

Introduction

Scale
Scale of a vertical photograph over flat terrain:

ab
f
S

AB H
Example:
A vertical aerial photograph is
taken over flat terrain with a
152.4mm focal length from an
altitude of 1830m above
ground.
What is the photo scale?
HAN

Photogrammetry II (FC3124) 2007

Introduction

Scale
L
f
o

a b

H
OA

h2

HAN

havg

Photogrammetry II (FC3124) 2007

Introduction

Scale
Scale of a vertical photograph over variable
terrain:
Lab & LAB triangles:
S AB

ab La

AB LA

LOAA & Loa triangles:

La
f

LA H h
S AB

f
f

S avg
H h
H havg

For vertical photograph taken over variable terrain, there are an

infinite number of different
HAN scales.
Photogrammetry II (FC3124) 2007
Introduction

Ground Coordinates from VP

HAN

Photogrammetry II (FC3124) 2007

Introduction

Ground Coordinates from VP

Lao & LAA0 triangles:
x
oa
f

a
A0 A H h A X A

H hA

X A x a

Lao & LAA0 triangles:

y
oa
f

a
A0 A H h A Y A

H hA

YA ya

Ground coordinates of B:
H hB

X B xb

H hB

YB yb

AB

X A X B 2 YB Y A 2

XB
APB 90 tan
YB

HAN

Photogrammetry II (FC3124) 2007

YA

XA

tan 1

Introduction

Relief Displacement on a VP
What is Relief Displacement on a Vertical
photograph ?...
Relief displacement is the shift or displacement in the
photograph position of an image caused by the relief of the
object, i.e. elevation above or below a selected datum.
With respect to a datum, relief displacement is outward for
points whose elevations are above datum and inward for
points whose elevations are below datum.

HAN

Photogrammetry II (FC3124) 2007

Introduction

Relief Displacement on a VP

HAN

Photogrammetry II (FC3124) 2007

Introduction

Relief Displacement on a VP

HAN

Photogrammetry II (FC3124) 2007

Introduction

Relief Displacement on a VP
Lao & LAA0 triangles:
r
f

R H hA

fR r H hA

Lao & LAP triangles:

r
f

or r H fR
R H

rh
d
H

r ' H r H hA

d - relief displacement
h - height above datum of object
r - radial distance on photo from principal
point to displaced point
H - flying height
HAN

Photogrammetry II (FC3124) 2007

Introduction

Relief Displacement on a VP
Vertical heights of objects such as buildings, poles, etc,
appearing on aerial photo can be calculated from relief
displacements:

dH
h
r

HAN

Photogrammetry II (FC3124) 2007

Introduction

Flying height of a VP
ab
f
S

AB H
AB

XA XB

YB YA

x
x

AB 2 b H hg a H h A
f
f

yb
H hB ya H h A
f
f

b b 2 4ac
H
2a
HAN

Photogrammetry II (FC3124) 2007

Introduction

Differential formula for a Near

Vertical Photograph

HAN

Photogrammetry II (FC3124) 2007

Introduction

Why develop the Differential formula for a

Near Vertical Photograph ?
to express the changes dx and dy of the coordinates of
point P in the projection plane as functions of the small
differential changes in the projector position (translations
dx0, dy0 and dz0 of the perspective centre o) and the
photograph as well as of the small rotations d, d and d
around the indicated axes.

HAN

Photogrammetry II (FC3124) 2007

Introduction

p
x

Image plane

O
d

dy0

c
dx0

dz0

x
R

Projection Plane
P

dy
HAN

Photogrammetry II (FC3124) 2007

Introduction

x,y : coordinates of right handed system in the projection

system
H : the vertical distance from the projection centre to the
projection plane.
O : projection centre
N : Origin of the x,y and z system that is the nadir point.

HAN

Photogrammetry II (FC3124) 2007

Introduction

The projection line POP is determined by the

angles and . We have different projection
formulae for the near vertical photographs as;

x R cos
y R sin
h
x
tan
cos
y h. tan
HAN

h
x x.
c
h
y y.
c
x h. tan
h
y
. tan
cos
Photogrammetry II (FC3124) 2007

Introduction

Error due to differential movements

Error due to d:

h
x
. tan
cos
h( sin )
dx
. tan .d
2
cos
tan sin
dx h
.d
2
cos
but ,

tan

x
h2 y2
HAN

, sin

y
h2 y2

, cos

Photogrammetry II (FC3124) 2007

h
h2 y 2
Introduction

dx h.

x
h y
2

h2 y2

xy
dx .d
h

y2
.d
2
h
(1)

xy
dx
.d
h

y2
dy h. 1 2
h

Again,
y h. tan
dy h sec 2 .d

y
dy h.

. h

h2
.d
2
h
but , d d
2

HAN

.d

(a)

(2)
Photogrammetry II (FC3124) 2007

Introduction

Error due to differential movements

Error due to d:

x h. tan
dx h. sec .d
2

but ,

cos

h
dx h.

dx h.

h
h2 x2

x2
.d
2
h
x2
1 2 .d
h
2

HAN

(3)
Photogrammetry II (FC3124) 2007

Introduction

y
Again,
but , tan
2
2
h x
h
y
. tan
cos
x
sin
2
2
h sin
h

x
dy
. tan .d
2
cos
h
cos
tan . sin
2
2
dy h.
.d
h

x
2
cos

y
x
h2 x2
dy h.
.
.
.d
2
h
h2 x2 h2 x2
xy
(4)
dy .d
h HAN
Photogrammetry II (FC3124) 2007
Introduction

but
d d
xy
dy
.d
h

x2
dx h. 1 2
h

HAN

(b)

.d

Photogrammetry II (FC3124) 2007

Introduction

Error due to differential movements

Error due to d:

but , d d
so;
dx y.d

x R. cos
dx R sin .d
dx yd

(5)

dy x.d

(c)

y R. sin
dy R cos .d
dx xd

(6)
HAN

Photogrammetry II (FC3124) 2007

Introduction

Error due to movements in optical centre

Due to dx0 and dy0:

dx dx0
dy dy 0
Due to dz0 :

h
x x .
c
h
y y .
c
HAN

.x
dx .dh
c
x
dx .dh
h
y
dy .dh
c
y
dy .dh
h
Photogrammetry II (FC3124) 2007

(7)

(8)

Introduction

dx dbx

but , dh dz 0

dy dby

x
dx .dz 0
h
y
dy .dz 0
h

x
dx .dbz
h
y
dy .dbz
h

(d)

But the movements dx0, dy0 ad dz0 will change the base
when we consider two photographs. dx0 dbx

dy0 dby
dz0 dbz
HAN

Photogrammetry II (FC3124) 2007

Introduction

Combining all the movements:

Movements

dx

dbx

dbx

dby

x
.dbz
h

dbz

dy

y
.dbz
h

y.d

x.d

x2
h 1 2
h

d
d

.d

xy
.d
h
HAN

xy
.d
h

y2
h 1 2 .d
h

Photogrammetry II (FC3124) 2007

Introduction


x
x2
xy
dx dbx .dbz yd h 1 2 d .d
h
h
h

y
xy
y2
dy db y .dbz xd .d h 1 2 d
h
h
h

HAN

Photogrammetry II (FC3124) 2007

Introduction

To be continued..

Numerical Orientation

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Photogrammetry II (FC3124) 2007

Introduction