The University of Jordan

Faculty of Engineering and

Technology
Electrical Engineering Department
Electric Drive course

Done by:

Amr Aljamal
Mouath Shakeeb
Ayman Atallah

Up to
down
approac
h

Instructor:

Prof. Mohammad Zeki Khedher

1

Why we need brakes ?

We need brakes to reduce the speed of

moving objects or stop them.

Formula 1 cars are
capable of
decelerating from
124-mph to a
standstill in only 2.9
seconds. What are
the brake discs and
pads of Formula 1
cars made from?

Over view
Brakes translate a push of a pedal to slowing

down your car.

Disc brakes are the part of the brake system
that does the actual work of stopping the car.
The brakes on this race car
locked up, causing it to head
right into the wall.

The topics
Pascals low
Energy transformation:
transforms Kinetic energy into heat using friction brakes
transforms Kinetic energy into electricity using magnetic

brakes

Types of brakes
Brake sub-systems (in cars) as a sample
New technologies

Pascals low
pressure exerted

anywhere in a
confined
incompressible fluid is
transmitted equally in
all directions
throughout the fluid
such that the pressure
ratio (initial difference)
remains the same.
5

Hydraulic press
A multiplication

offorcecan be achieved
by the application of
fluidpressure according
toPascals princible,
which for the two
pistons implies
P1= P2
This allows the lifting of

a heavy load with a

small force.
6

Energy transformation
Friction Brake:
This brake system
converts the kinetic
energy of vehicle
motion into heat

Magnetic Brake:

Capturing kinetic
energy generated
from braking and
converting it to
electricity.

Friction brake

Air Brakes.

(Pneumatic)
Hydraulic
Brakes.
(Incompressib
le) use
hydraulic fluid
pressure to
transmit
power.

Friction Brake Action

Brake Pedal is connected to the Master Cylinder.
Each wheel has a Wheel cylinder
(Rear)

Or Caliper
(Front)

Each wheel has a brake Drum

(Rear)

Or Disk
(Front)

Each wheel has Shoes

(Rear)

Or Pads
(Front)
9

Brake action
When the Brake pedal

is pressed, brake fluid

travels from Master
cylinder to the Caliper
or Wheel cylinder,
pushing the pistons
out. In turn this action
pushes the shoes
against the drum or
the pads against the
rotor.
10

Brake parts
Brake Lining: must be strong

enough to absorb the heat and last

a long time, yet save the drums
and rotors from wearing too
quickly.
Brake lining is made of various
materials (Asbestos)
Some are bonded or glued to a
metal plate.
Some are riveted to a metal plate.

11

Brake parts
Disk brakes: found on front of most vehicles as

well as at rear of four wheel Disk brakes vehicles.

Has a rotor/disk between two pads
Caliper squeezes the pads against the disk when
the brakes are applied
Disk brakes work much better then the drum
brakes, as they cool better and apply more
pressure.
Disk materials
Metallic(last longer, but bad for rotor)

Semi-metallic
Ceramic

12

Brake parts
Drum Brakes

on the rear
wheels of the
vehicle.
When brakes
are applied, the
wheel cylinder
pushes the
brake shoes
against the
rotating drum.
13

Parking brakes are part of the rear brakes

and are operated mechanically with the help

of a leaver and cables.

14

Dual Brake system

Is a safety feature. If one system fails the

other will still work.

Front brakes are on different lines then the
rear.
Master cylinder has two compartments for
brake fluid.
Bigger for front and smaller for rear.

15

Dual Brake system

16

Dual Brake system

Right front
left rear

Left front
right rear

17

regenerative braking
is anenergy recovery mechanism which
slows a vehicle or object down by
converting itskinetic energy into another
form, which can be either used
immediately or stored until needed
this can be done byusing anelectric motor
as an electric generator.
the energy can be stored :
-electrically by battery or capacitors bank
-mechanically viapneumatics,hydraulics

18

How dose
theregenerative brake
work
-This system use the vehicle's momentum as the
mechanical energy that puts the motor into
reverse .
-Once the motor has been reversed, the electricity
generated by the motor is fed back into the
batteries, where it can be used to accelerate the
car again after it stops.

19

20

In this circuit, when the motor is slowing down, Q1 is off and the motor
is acting as a generator. The current can flow backwards (because the
motor is generating) through Q2 which is turned on. When Q2 turns off,
this current is maintained by the inductance, and current will flow up
through D2 and back into the battery
21

Regenerative Braking
Controllers

the brake controller makes the entire

regenerative braking process possible.
I. itsmonitors the speed of the wheels
II.calculate how much torque -- rotational force
-- is available to generate electricity to be fed
back into the batteries
III.deciding whether the motor is currently
capable of handling the force necessary for
stopping the car. If it isn't, the brake controller
turns the job over to the friction brakes
22

advantage of

regenerative
breaking
essential purpose of regenerative
braking is to

improve the fuel efficiency of a hybrid electric

vehicle. According to researchs, modern cars
waste more than 80 percent of the energy their
engines produce, and about half of that energy
goes through the brakes where it takes the form
of friction and heat.
- For example:
TheDelhi Metrosaved around 90,000 tons
ofcarbon dioxide (CO2) from being released into
the atmosphere by regenerating 112,500
megawatt hours of electricity through the use of
regenerative braking systems between 2004 and
2007.
23

Limitations of regenerative
breaking
Traditionalfriction-based braking is used in conjunction
with mechanical regenerative braking for the following
reasons:

The regenerative braking effect drops off at lower speeds

The friction brake is a necessary back-up in the event of

failure of the regenerative brake.

in atwo-wheel drive car and regenerative braking power
only applies to such wheels because they are the only wheels
linked to the drive motor, so in order to provide controlled
braking under difficult conditions (such as in wet roads)
friction based braking is necessary on the other wheels.
The amount of electrical energy capable of dissipation is
limited by either the capacity of the supply system to absorb
this energy or on the state of charge of the battery or
capacitors.
24

Limitations of regenerative
breaking
Cont
Under emergency braking it is desirable that the

braking force exerted be the maximum allowed

by the friction between the wheels and the
surface without slipping. The maximum force
available for acceleration is typically much less
than this except in the case of extreme highperformance vehicles.
Therefore, the power required to be dissipated
by the braking system under emergency braking
conditions may be many times the maximum
power which is delivered under acceleration.
25

26

New braking system

technologies

Anti Brake System (ABS)

Traction Control System (TCS)
Electronic Stability Program (ESP)
Regenerative braking system

27