By Hanif KHAN

THE BASIC IDEA OF THIS PRESENTATION

IS THE SHARING OF THE IDEAS
PRESENTATION IS DIVIDED INTO TWO
PARTS
1. PEOPLE HAVING LESS EXPOSURE OF
3D
2. PEOPLE INVOLVED IN 3D

By Hanif KHAN

By Hanif KHAN

SPREAD

SYMMETRIC

ASYMMETRIC

ENDOFF
By Hanif KHAN

3D SPREAD OR PATCH
16 * 4

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Cross-Line direction

Perpendicular to the receiver line direction (orientation)

In-Line direction
Parallel to the receiver line direction (orientation) By Hanif KHAN

SWATH
A swath is a set of receiver lines and salvos as shown
below

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SALVO
The salvo is a set of shot points recorded on the same
receiver lines using the same theoretical spread

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SEGMENT
Part of the salvo between two receiver lines

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SUB SURFACE COVERAGE

Reflection points
According to the 2D, the distance between the reflection
points is half of the distance between the receivers. But in 3D
we are recording in two directions, In line and Cross line. So
the distance between the reflection points is half of the
distance between the receivers (In line) and half of the
distance between the sources (Cross line).
If we see the source point, receiver point and reflection point
on a 2D view, we can notice easier that all sub-surface
distances are half of surface distances
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SPREAD AND REFLECTORS POINTS

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CONTINUITY OF COVERAGE
(2 DIMENTIONAL VIEW)

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Multiple coverage (Fold)

The Bin
The bin size is equal to the R/2 * S/2. Each theoretical
CMP location is the center of the bin.
R = Receiver spacing
S = Source spacing

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BIN

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BIN

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BIN

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CDP GRID

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FOLD
The number of reflections from the same Bin is known as Fold.

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In-Line Fold
Fold = N * Receiver Interval / 2 * Source Line Interval

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Cross-Line Fold
XLINE FOLD = NUMBER OF RECEIVER LINES/2

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FULL FOLD = INLINE * XLINE

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UN EVEN FOLD
IF INLINE OR XLINE FOLD IS NOT INTEGER

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The fold taper = of the patch dimention

FOLD TAPER IN

FOLD TAPER OUT

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3D GEOMETRIES
1. BRICK
2. ZIGZAG
3. SQUARE
4. SPARSE 3D
5. DENSE 3D
6. 25,18 DEGREE INCLINED
By Hanif KHAN

Having the better offset distribution than

orthogonal geometry, it was invented to improve
the offsets.

This is popular in desert area

IF OFFSET DISTRIBUTION IS NOT GOOD IT

MAY GENERATE ACQUISITION FOOT PRINTS

OFFSETS(RE-LOCATED POINTS)

26,18 DEGREE INCLINED, SLANTED

26 DEGREE SLANTED IMPROVE OFFSET
DISTRIBUTION AND REDUCES THE FOOT
PRINTS
18 DEGREE PRODUCE BETTER
RESULT THAN 26 DEGREE.

3D ACQUISITION BY PARTS

TIE THE BLOCKS

LINE NUMBERING (SOURCE/RECEIVER)
SOURCE/RECEIVER NUMBERING
OVERLAPE OF SWATHS
MERGING OF THE BLOCKS

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MARGING OF TWO BLOCKS

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MARGING OF TWO BLOCKS

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X MIN
CHECK THROUGH MODELING

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15
80

0
154

20
15

1520

0
150

PASSES THROUGH WELL

* Full Spread

15
60

FULL FOLD ARE

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MINIMUM OFFSET
25 m

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MINIMUM OFFSET
1. The minimum offset should be small enough for Velocities of
shallow section
2. The only problem we will get noise at near offsets
3. It should not be longer than one group interval
4. It should be equal to the depth of shallowest
reflector

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MAXIMUM OFFSET

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Minimum far offset

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Maximum Far Offset

NO TRACES WILL BE
MUTED, ALL TRACES WILL
BE STACK

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MAXIMUM OFFSET
1. Equal to the depth of the target horizon
2. The maximum usable reflection angle is about 25-30 degree
3. Increases the non hyperbolic path, which is not required
4. If multiple are problem in the area 120% increase of the target depth
5. By increasing the maximum offset we will increase the chance to over ride
the ambient noise on the signal , decreases the frequency of the data,need to
increase the charge size, increase of the charge size increase the chance to
increase multiples and source generating noise
6. It decreases the accuracy of nmo corrections based on hyperbolic
approximation.
7. Finally we can increase the Far offset up to the useable far offset, test through
modeling.

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MAXIMUM OFFSET
Ray tracing reveals where reflected energy turns
into refracted energy for each layer of interest

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RECEIVER INTERVAL
50 m
50 m

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RECEIVER INTERVAL
1. Near surface changes rapidly and it changes velocity so receiver interval should
be small.
2. For good static correction the requirement is two receiver groups per wavelength
3. Cable length
4. Subsurface Sample
5. FOLD = N*R INT /2*S INT
6. Migration
7. Low and high angle Faults
8. The interval should not be greater than the shortest wavelength
By Hanif KHAN

9. Helps to identify the lateral changes of geological features.

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SOURCE INTERVAL

50 m

50 m

25 m
50 m

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SOURCE INTERVA
1. Effects the fold
2. FOLD = N*R INT /2*S INT
3. Good way to keep Source interval same as Receiver interval

By Hanif KHAN

INFORMATION

1. FOLD OF 2D DATA
2. ANGLE OF REFLECTOR
3. DEPTH OF SHALLOW MARKER
4. TARGET DEPTH (IN THE AREA)
5. TARGET TWT
6. INTERNAL VELOCITY
7. AVERAGE VELOCITY
8. DOMINANT FREQUENCY
9. MAXIMUM FREQUENCY
10. LATERAL TARGET SIZE
By Hanif KHAN

CONCLUSION
THIS IS NOT END
WE WILL CONTINUE IN DETAIL

By Hanif KHAN