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Chapter 41
Animal Nutrition
Lectures by
Erin Barley
Kathleen Fitzpatrick
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 41.1
Essential Nutrients
There are four classes of essential nutrients:
Figure 41.2
Vitamins
Vitamins are organic molecules required in the
diet in small amounts
Thirteen vitamins are essential for humans
Vitamins are grouped into two categories: fatsoluble and water-soluble
Table 41.1
Minerals
Minerals are simple inorganic nutrients, usually
required in small amounts
Ingesting large amounts of some minerals can
upset homeostatic balance
Table 41.2
Dietary Deficiencies
Malnourishment is the long-term absence from
the diet of one or more essential nutrients
Figure 41.3
Undernutrition
Undernutrition results when a diet does not
provide enough chemical energy
An undernourished individual will
Figure 41.4
RESULTS
Number of
infants/fetuses
studied
Infants/fetuses
with a neural
tube defect
Vitamin supplements
(experimental group)
141
1 (0.7%)
No vitamin supplements
(control group)
204
12 (5.9%)
Group
Figure 41.5
Mechanical
digestion
1 Ingestion
Nutrient molecules
enter body cells
Chemical
digestion
(enzymatic
hydrolysis)
2 Digestion
Undigested
material
3 Absorption
4 Elimination
Figure 41.5a
Suspension Feeders
Many aquatic animals are suspension feeders,
which sift small food particles from the water
Figure 41.6
Substrate
Feeders
Fluid Feeders
Caterpillar Feces
Bulk Feeders
Figure 41.6a
Baleen
Substrate Feeders
Substrate feeders are animals that live in or on
their food source
Figure 41.6b
Substrate Feeders
Caterpillar
Feces
Fluid Feeders
Fluid feeders suck nutrient-rich fluid from a
living host
Figure 41.6c
Fluid Feeders
Bulk Feeders
Bulk feeders eat relatively large pieces of food
Figure 41.6d
Bulk Feeders
Digestive Compartments
Most animals process food in specialized
compartments
These compartments reduce the risk of an
animal digesting its own cells and tissues
Intracellular Digestion
In intracellular digestion, food particles are
engulfed by phagocytosis
Food vacuoles, containing food, fuse with
lysosomes containing hydrolytic enzymes
Extracellular Digestion
Extracellular digestion is the breakdown of
food particles outside of cells
It occurs in compartments that are continuous
with the outside of the animals body
Animals with simple body plans have a
gastrovascular cavity that functions in both
digestion and distribution of nutrients
Figure 41.7
Mouth
Tentacles
Food
1 Digestive
enzymes released
2 Food
particles broken
down
3 Food particles
engulfed and
digested
Epidermis
Gastrodermis
Figure 41.8
Esophagus
Crop
Gizzard
Intestine
Pharynx
Anus
Mouth
(a) Earthworm
Foregut Midgut Hindgut
Esophagus
Rectum
Anus
Esophagus
Crop
Stomach
Gizzard
Intestine
Mouth
Anus
Crop
Gastric cecae
Mouth
(b) Grasshopper
(c) Bird
Figure 41.9
Tongue
Oral cavity
Salivary
glands
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Esophagus
Liver
Sphincter
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Small
intestine
Large
intestine
Rectum
Anus
Sphincter
Stomach
Gallbladder
Liver
Pancreas
Salivary
glands
Stomach
Small
intestine
Large
intestine
Rectum
Anus
Schematic diagram
Duodenum of
small intestine
Figure 41.9a
Tongue
Oral cavity
Salivary
glands
Pharynx
Esophagus
Liver
Sphincter
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Small
intestine
Large
intestine
Rectum
Anus
Sphincter
Stomach
Duodenum of
small intestine
Figure 41.9b
Mouth
Esophagus
Gallbladder
Liver
Pancreas
Salivary
glands
Stomach
Small
intestine
Large
intestine
Rectum
Anus
Schematic diagram
Figure 41.10-1
Tongue
Bolus of
food
Pharynx
Epiglottis
up
Glottis
Larynx
Trachea
Esophageal
sphincter
contracted
Esophagus
To lungs To stomach
Figure 41.10-2
Tongue
Bolus of
food
Pharynx
Epiglottis
up
Glottis
Larynx
Trachea
Esophageal
sphincter
contracted
Esophagus
To lungs To stomach
Figure 41.10-3
Tongue
Bolus of
food
Pharynx
Epiglottis
up
Glottis
Larynx
Trachea
Esophageal
sphincter
contracted
Esophagus
To lungs To stomach
Relaxed
muscles
Contracted
muscles
Sphincter
relaxed
Stomach
Figure 41.11
Esophagus
Sphincter
Stomach
20 m
Sphincter
Gastric pits on
interior surface
of stomach
Gastric gland
Mucous cell
Chief cell
Parietal cell
Small
intestine
Folds of
epithelial
tissue
Epithelium
Pepsinogen
Chief
cell
Pepsin
HCl
Cl
Parietal
cell
Figure 41.11a
20 m
Figure 41.11b
Gastric pits on
interior surface
of stomach
Gastric gland
Mucous cell
Chief cell
Parietal cell
Epithelium
Pepsinogen
Chief
cell
Pepsin
HCl
Cl
Parietal
cell
Stomach Dynamics
Coordinated contraction and relaxation of
stomach muscle churn the stomachs contents
Sphincters prevent chyme from entering the
esophagus and regulate its entry into the small
intestine
Figure 41.12-1
Carbohydrate digestion
Oral cavity, Polysaccharides
pharynx,
Salivary amylase
esophagus
Smaller
Maltose
polysaccharides
Figure 41.12-2
Carbohydrate digestion
Oral cavity, Polysaccharides
pharynx,
Salivary amylase
esophagus
Smaller
Maltose
polysaccharides
Stomach
Protein digestion
Proteins
Pepsin
Small polypeptides
Figure 41.12-3
Carbohydrate digestion
Oral cavity, Polysaccharides
pharynx,
Salivary amylase
esophagus
Smaller
Maltose
polysaccharides
Stomach
Protein digestion
Proteins
Pepsin
Small polypeptides
Small
intestine
(enzymes
from
pancreas)
Pancreatic amylases
Fat digestion
DNA, RNA
Fat (triglycerides)
Pancreatic
nucleases
Disaccharides
Smaller
polypeptides
Nucleotides
Pancreatic lipase
Pancreatic carboxypeptidase
Small peptides
Figure 41.12-4
Carbohydrate digestion
Oral cavity, Polysaccharides Disaccharides
pharynx,
Salivary amylase
esophagus
Smaller
Maltose
polysaccharides
Stomach
Protein digestion
Proteins
Pepsin
Small polypeptides
Small
intestine
(enzymes
from
pancreas)
Pancreatic amylases
Fat digestion
DNA, RNA
Fat (triglycerides)
Pancreatic
nucleases
Disaccharides
Smaller
polypeptides
Nucleotides
Pancreatic lipase
Pancreatic carboxypeptidase
Glycerol, fatty acids,
monoglycerides
Small peptides
Small
intestine
(enzymes
from
epithelium)
Disaccharidases
Nucleotidases
Nucleosides
Nucleosidases
and
phosphatases
Monosaccharides
Amino acids
Nitrogenous bases,
sugars, phosphates
Pancreatic Secretions
The pancreas produces proteases trypsin and
chymotrypsin that are activated in the lumen of
the duodenum
Its solution is alkaline and neutralizes the acidic
chyme
Figure 41.13
Vein carrying
blood to liver
Villi
Microvilli (brush
border) at apical
(lumenal) surface
Epithelial
cells
Blood
capillaries
Muscle layers
Villi
Intestinal wall
Epithelial
cells
Large
circular
folds
Basal
surface
Lacteal
Key
Nutrient
absorption
Lymph
vessel
Lumen
Figure 41.13a
Vein carrying
blood to liver
Muscle layers
Villi
Intestinal wall
Key
Nutrient
absorption
Large
circular
folds
Figure 41.13b
Villi
Microvilli (brush
border) at apical
(lumenal) surface
Lumen
Epithelial
cells
Blood
capillaries
Epithelial
cells
Basal
surface
Lacteal
Key
Lymph
vessel
Nutrient
absorption
Figure 41.14
LUMEN
Triglycerides
OF SMALL
INTESTINE
Epithelial
cell
Fatty acids
Monoglycerides
Triglycerides
Phospholipids,
cholesterol,
and proteins
Chylomicron
Lacteal
Figure 41.14a
LUMEN
Triglycerides
OF SMALL
INTESTINE
Epithelial
cell
Fatty acids
Monoglycerides
Triglycerides
Figure 41.14b
Triglycerides
Phospholipids,
cholesterol,
and proteins
Chylomicron
Lacteal
Figure 41.15
Ascending
portion
of colon
Small
intestine
Cecum
Appendix
Dental Adaptations
Dentition, an animals assortment of teeth, is one
example of structural variation reflecting diet
The success of mammals is due in part to their
dentition, which is specialized for different diets
Nonmammalian vertebrates have less
specialized teeth, though exceptions exist
For example, the teeth of poisonous snakes are
modified as fangs for injecting venom
Figure 41.16
Carnivore
Herbivore
Key
Incisors
Omnivore
Canines
Premolars
Molars
Figure 41.17
Small intestine
Small
intestine
Stomach
Cecum
Carnivore
Colon
(large
intestine)
Herbivore
Figure 41.17a
Figure 41.17b
Mutualistic Adaptations
Many herbivores have fermentation chambers,
where mutualistic microorganisms digest
cellulose
The most elaborate adaptations for an
herbivorous diet have evolved in the animals
called ruminants
Figure 41.18
2 Reticulum
1 Rumen
Esophagus
Intestine
4 Abomasum
3 Omasum
Regulation of Digestion
Each step in the digestive system is activated as
needed
The enteric division of the nervous system helps
to regulate the digestive process
The endocrine system also regulates digestion
through the release and transport of hormones
Figure 41.19
Food
3
Bile
Liver
Stomach
Secretin
and CCK
Chyme
Gallbladder
Gastric
juices
Key
Stimulation
Inhibition
Gastric
juices
CCK
Pancreas
Duodenum
of small intestine
Gastrin
HCO3 , enzymes
Secretin
CCK
Figure 41.19a
Food
Liver
Stomach
Gallbladder
Gastric
juices
Gastrin
Pancreas
Duodenum
of small intestine
Key
Stimulation
Inhibition
Figure 41.19b
Bile
Chyme
CCK
HCO3, enzymes
Secretin
Key
Stimulation
Inhibition
CCK
Figure 41.19c
Secretin
and CCK
Gastric
juices
Key
Stimulation
Inhibition
Glucose Homeostasis
Oxidation of glucose generates ATP to fuel
cellular processes
The hormones insulin and glucagon regulate the
breakdown of glycogen into glucose
The liver is the site for glucose homeostasis
A carbohydrate-rich meal raises insulin levels,
which triggers the synthesis of glycogen
Low blood sugar causes glucagon to stimulate
the breakdown of glycogen and release glucose
Figure 41.20
Transport of
glucose into
body cells
and storage
of glucose
as glycogen
Pancreas
secretes
insulin.
Stimulus:
Blood glucose
level rises
after eating.
Homeostasis:
70110 mg glucose/
100 mL blood
Breakdown
of glycogen
and release
of glucose
into blood
Stimulus:
Blood glucose
level drops
below set point.
Pancreas
secretes
glucagon.
Figure 41.21
Satiety
center
Ghrelin
Insulin
Leptin
PYY
Figure 41.22
EXPERIMENT
Genotype pairing
(red type indicates
mutant genes)
Average change
in body mass (g)
of subject
Subject
Paired with
ob ob , db db
ob ob , db db
8.3
ob ob, db db
ob ob, db db
38.7
ob ob, db db
ob ob , db db
8.2
ob ob, db db
ob ob , db db
14.9*
*Due to pronounced weight loss and weakening, subjects in this pairing were
reweighed after less than eight weeks.
Figure 41.22a
Figure 41.22b
RESULTS
Genotype pairing
(red type indicates
mutant genes)
Average change
in body mass (g)
of subject
Subject
Paired with
obob , dbdb
obob , dbdb
8.3
ob ob, dbdb
ob ob, dbdb
38.7
ob ob, dbdb
obob, dbdb
8.2
ob ob, dbdb
obob, db db
14.9*
*Due to pronounced weight loss and weakening, subjects in this pairing were
reweighed after less than eight weeks.
Figure 41.23
Figure 41.UN01
Veins to heart
Lymphatic system
Mouth
Stomach
Esophagus
Secretions
from salivary
glands
Lipids
Absorbed food
(except lipids)
Small intestine
Secretions
Secretions from liver
from gastric
Secretions from pancreas
glands
Liver
Absorbed
water
Anus
Large
Rectum
intestine
Figure 41.UN02