NDT

Supervisory Development Programme-I
(SDP-I)
Topic : Non Destructive Testing (NDT)
L&T Heavy Engineering Divison

Hazira
Outline
What is NDT ?
Where is NDT used ?
When is NDT used ?
Types of Discontinuities.
Common NDT methods.
NDT in L&T
Questions & Answers
What is NDT ?
NDT- Non Destructive Testing
The use of noninvasive
techniques to determine
the integrity of a material,
component or structure or
quantitatively measure
some characteristic of
an object.i.e. Inspect or
measure without doing harm.
What is NDT ?
Contd..
The field of Nondestructive Testing (NDT) is a very

broad, interdisciplinary field that plays a critical role
in assuring that structural components and systems
perform their function in a reliable and cost effective
fashion. NDT technicians and engineers define and
implement tests that locate and characterize
material conditions and flaws that might otherwise
cause planes to crash, reactors to fail, trains to
derail, pipelines to burst, and a variety of less visible,
but equally troubling events.
What is NDT ?
Contd..
Because NDT allows inspection without interfering

with a product's final use, it provides an excellent
balance between quality control and costeffectiveness. Technology that is used in NDT is
similar to those used in the medical industry; yet,
typically nonliving objects are the subjects of the
inspections.
Where is NDT used ?

NDT is used where we need to ensure the
serviceability of a specimen. That may be the use of a
raw material such as a casting, the use of fabrication
such as welding, or the use of a finished part or
completed system. We apply NDT where we cannot
afford the cost of a failure of the specimen because
failure would be financially unacceptable or cause
harm to us.
When is NDT used ?

NDT is used both before and after production of raw
materials such as ingots and castings, before and
after fabrication, and before and after assembly of
parts into a completed system. Using NDT "before"
prevents a substandard material or part from
wasting time and increasing scrap production. The
"when" is right if profit, quality, and safety are the
result of using NDT.
Discontinuities
Definition : The change in the geometry or
composition of an object, it may be intentional or
unintentional.
Such changes inherently affect the physical
properties of the object and may in turn have an
effect on the objects ability to fulfill its intended use
or service life.
Every discontinuity is not a defect but every
defect is a discontinuity.
Discontinuities
Contd
The definition of defects changes with the type of

component, its construction, its materials and the
specifications or codes in force.
It is possible that discontinuity in one object may be
defect in another.Detection of discontinuities is
largely dependent on the discontinuitys physical
characteristics.
Discontinuities
Contd
While performing NDT it is also important to consider

how the material is produced, what manufacturing
process are used to form the finished product and
what discontinuities are typically initiated by the
process operations. Discontinuity is categorized by
the stage of manufacturing or use in which it
initiates.
Discontinuities
Contd
Discontinuity is categorized in four stages
Inherent discontinuities.
Primary processing discontinuities.
Secondary processing discontinuities.
Service induced discontinuities.
Discontinuities
Contd
Inherent discontinuities :
When ferromagnetic materials are produced, molten
metal solidifies into ingot form producing what is
known as inherent discontinuities.
Such discontinuities then can be rolled, forged and
section along with the material in its subsequent
processing operations.
Inherent Discontinuities
Cold shut
Location : Surface or Subsurface
Cause : The meeting of two streams of liquid metal
that do not fuse together.
Porosity
Cause : Entrapped gases during solidification of
metals
Inclusions
Cause : Contaminant introduced during the casting
process
Hot tears
Location : Surface
Cause : Restraints from the core or mold during the
cooling process.
Segregation
Location : Surface or subsurface
Cause : Localized differences in material
composition.
Discontinuities
Contd
Primary Processing discontinuities :

Discontinuities those originate during hot or cold
forming are said to be primary processing
discontinuities. The processing of a wrought product
by rolling, forging, casting or drawing may introduce
specific discontinuities into the product and inherent
discontinuity that were at one time undetectable or
insignificant may propagate and become detrimental
Primary Processing Discontinuities (Weld)
Porosity
Cause : Vaporized constituents in the molten weld
metal are entrapped during solidification.
Cluster Porosity
Cause : Vaporized constituents in the molten weld
metal are entrapped during solidification.
Slag Inclusion
Location : Subsurface
Cause : Improper cleaning of previous weld pass
and mixing of oxides on the base metal surface into
the weld pool
Lack of Penetration
Cause : Inadequate penetration of the weld joint root
by the weld metal.
Lack of Fusion
Location : Subsurface
Cause : Failure of filler metal to coalese with the
base metal.
Suck Back
Cause : where the weld metal has contracted as it
cools and has been drawn up into the root of the
weld.
Internal Undercut
Location : Surface
Cause : Over sized weld pool (related to excessive
amperage, travel speed and electrode size.)
External Undercut
Location : Surface
Cause : Over sized weld pool (related to excessive
amperage, travel speed and electrode size.)
Offset or mismatch
Location : Surface
Cause : where two pieces being welded together are
not properly aligned.
Cold / Hot Crack

Location : Surface or Subsurface.
Cause : A combination of atomic hydrogen,
hardenable material and high residual stress.
Inadequate weld reinforcement

Location : Surface.
Excess weld reinforcement

Location : Surface.
Tungsten Inclusion
Location : Subsurface.
Cause : Molten weld pool or filler metal comes in
contact with the tip of tungsten electrode.
Burn Through
Location : Surface.
Cause : Too much heat causes excessive weld
metal to penetrate the weld zone.
Secondary processing Discontinuities
Grinding Cracks
Location : Surface
Cause : Localized overheating of the material due to
improper grinding procedures.
Heat Treating Cracks

Location : Surface
Cause : Uneven heating and cooling that produces
stresses exceeding the tensile strength of the
material.
Secondary processing Discontinuities
Quench Cracks
Location : Surface
Cause : Sudden cooling from elevated temperature
Pickling Cracks
Location : Surface
Cause : Residual stress being relieved
Service Induced Discontinuities
Fatigue
Location : Surface
Cause : Cyclically applied stress below the ultimate
tensile strength.
Creep
Location : Surface
Cause : Material subjected to elevated temperatures
and stress below the yield strength.
Service Induced Discontinuities
Stress Corrosion Cracking

Location : Surface
Cause : Combined effect of static tensile load and
corrosive environment.
Hydrogen Cracking
Location : Surface
Cause : Combined effect of applied tensile or
residual stress and hydrogen enriched environment.
Common NDT Methods

The most common NDT methods used are as
follows :
Ultrasonic Testing.
Magnetic Particle Testing.
Penetrant Testing.
Radiography Testing.
Eddy Current Testing.
Ultrasonic Testing
High frequency sound waves are introduced into a
material and they are reflected back from surfaces or
flaws.
Reflected sound energy is displayed versus time, and
inspector can visualize a cross section of the specimen
showing the depth of features that reflect sound.
f
initial
pulse
crack
echo
back surface
echo
crack
0
Oscilloscope, or flaw
detector screen
10
plate
Ultrasonic Testing
A typical UT inspection system consists of several
functional units, such as the pulsar/receiver,
transducer, and display devices. A pulsar/receiver is
an electronic device that can produce high voltage
electrical pulse. Driven by the pulsar, the transducer
generates high frequency ultrasonic energy. The
sound energy is introduced and propagates through
the materials in the form of waves. When there is a
discontinuity (such as a crack) in the wave path, part
of the energy will be reflected back from the flaw
surface.
f
Ultrasonic Testing
The reflected wave signal is transformed into
electrical signal by the transducer and is displayed
on a screen. The reflected signal strength is
displayed versus the time from signal generation to
when a echo was received. Signal travel time can
be directly related to the distance that the signal
traveled. From the signal, information about the
reflector location, size, orientation and other
features can sometimes be gained.
f
Ultrasonic Testing
Types Of Sound Waves & Propagation

In solids, molecules can support vibrations in other
directions so the number of different types (modes)
of sound waves are possible. On the basis of particle
displacement in the medium ultrasonic waves are
classified as longitudinal waves , transverse waves ,
surface waves and lamb waves . Velocity remains
the same in the given medium but differs when the
method of vibration changes.

There are four types of sound waves :
Longitudinal - Parallel to wave direction
Transverse - Perpendicular to wave direction
Surface (Rayleigh) - Elliptical orbit symmetrical mode
Plate Wave (Lamb) - Component perpendicular to

surface (extensional wave)
Longitudinal or Compressional Wave

These waves mostly used in the inspection of
materials.The velocity of longitudinal waves is about
6000 m/sec in steel,1500 m/sec in water and 330
m/sec in air.
Longitudinal waves have particle vibration in a back
and forth motion in the direction of wave
propagation. These waves are readily propagated in
the liquids,gases and elastic solids.
Transverse or Shear Wave

These wave have particle vibration perpendicular to
the direction of wave motion.These waves will not
travel through liquid, gases because force of
attraction between molecules are too small . the
velocity of these waves is about 50% the longitudinal
waves for the same medium.
Surface or Reyleigh Wave

These waves travel along the flat or curved surface
of relatively thick solid parts.The velocity of these
waves are 90% of the transverse waves in the same
material. Surface waves are useful for detecting
surface cracks.Vibration of particle follow an elliptical
path.
Plate or Lamb Wave

These waves also another type of ultrasonic waves
used to detect surface defect and penetrates only
upto half of wave length.These waves propagate in
plate only.
Transducer or Probe in UT
The conversion of electrical pulses to mechanical
vibrations and the conversion of returned
mechanical vibrations back into electrical energy is
the basis for ultrasonic testing. The active element is
the heart of the transducer as it converts the
electrical energy to acoustic energy, and vice versa.
Transducers or probes are very important tool in the
system. They act through couplant.The sensitivity of a
transducer is defined as its ability to detect smallest
discontinuities and it is measured by the response of
reflection from artificial discontinuity in reference
block.Transducers are classified into groups
according to the application.
Four basic types of transducers:
Normal
Probe
T/R Probe
Immersion
Probe
Angle Probe
Couplant
A couplant is a material (usually liquid) that facilitates
the transmission of ultrasonic energy from the
transducer into the test specimen. Couplant is
generally necessary because the acoustic
impedance mismatch between air and solids, such
as the test specimen, is large and, therefore, nearly
all of the energy is reflected and very little is
transmitted into the test material.
Couplant
The couplant displaces the air and makes it possible
to get more sound energy into the test specimen so
that a usable ultrasonic signal can be obtained. In
contact ultrasonic testing a thin film of oil, glycerin or
water is generally used and in immersion testing
water is between the transducer and the test
surface.
Probe Placement for several weld

configuration

configuration

configuration

configuration

configuration

configuration

configuration

configuration

configuration

configuration

configuration

configuration
Main uses of UT
Used to locate surface and subsurface defects in
many materials including metals, plastics, and wood.
Ultrasonic inspection is also used to measure the
thickness of materials and otherwise characterize
properties of material based on sound velocity and
attenuation measurements.
Advantages of UT
It is sensitive to both surface and subsurface discontinuities.
The depth of penetration for flaw detection or measurement is

superior to other NDT methods.
Only single-sided access is needed when the pulse-echo technique is

used.
It is high accuracy in determining reflector position and estimating

size and shape.
Minimal part preparation required.
Electronic equipment provides instantaneous results.
Detailed images can be produced with automated systems.
It has other uses such as thickness measurements, in addition to flaw

detection.
Disadvantages of UT
Surface must be accessible to transmit ultrasound.
Skill and training is more extensive than with some other methods.
It normally requires a coupling medium to promote transfer of sound

energy into test specimen.
Materials that are rough, irregular in shape, very small, exceptionally

thin or not homogeneous are difficult to inspect.
Cast iron and other coarse grained materials are difficult to inspect due
to low sound transmission and high signal noise.
Linear defects oriented parallel to the sound beam may go undetected.
Reference standards are required for both equipment calibration, and

characterization of flaws.
Magnetic Particle Testing

This NDT method is accomplished by inducing a
magnetic field in a ferromagnetic material and then
dusting the surface with iron particles (either dry or
suspended in liquid). Surface and near-surface flaws
produce magnetic poles or distort the magnetic field
in such a way that the iron particles are attracted and
concentrated. This produces a visible indication of
defect on the surface of the material.
Magnetization
There are basically two types of magnetic field:
1.
Longitudinal Magnetic field.
2.
Circular Magnetic Field.
Magnetization
1.
Longitudinal Magnetization : When the length of a

component is several time larger than its diameter, a
longitudinal magnetic field can be established in the
component. The component is often placed
longitudinally in the concentrated magnetic field that
fills the center of a coil or solenoid. This
magnetization technique is often referred to as a "coil
shot."
Yoke for Longitudinal Magnetization
Magnetization
2. Circular
Magnetization : when current is passed

through a solid conductor, a magnetic field forms in
and around the conductor. The following statements
can be made about the distribution and intensity of
the magnetic field.
The field strength varies from zero at the center of

the component to a maximum at the surface.
The field strength at the surface of the conductor

decreases as the radius of the conductor increases
when the current strength is held constant.
(However, a larger conductor is capable of carrying
more current.)
Magnetization
The field strength outside the conductor is directly

proportional to the current strength. Inside the
conductor the field strength is dependent on the
current strength, magnetic permeability of the
material.
The field strength outside the conductor decreases

with distance from the conductor.
Magnetic Fields
Circular Magnetic Field for
Longitudinal Defects.
Longitudinal
Magnetic field for
Circular Defects.
Prods for Circular Magnetization
Examples of Magnetic Particle Indication
Indications of Cracks
Before and after inspection pictures of cracks

emanating from a hole

Indication of a crack in a saw blade

Indication
of cracks running between

attachment holes in a hinge

Indication
of cracks originating at a
fastener hole

Magnetic
particle wet fluorescent indication

of a cracks in a drive shaft

Magnetic
particle wet fluorescent indication of

a crack in a bearing
Main uses of MT
Used to inspect ferromagnetic materials (those that
can be magnetized) for defects that result in a
transition in the magnetic permeability of a material.
Magnetic particle inspection can detect surface and
near surface defects.
Advantages of MT
Large
surface areas of complex parts can be

inspected rapidly.
Can
detect surface and subsurface flaws.
Surface
preparation is less critical than it is in

penetrant inspection.
Magnetic
particle indications are produced
directly on the surface of the part and form an

image of the discontinuity.
Equipment
costs are relatively low.
Disadvantages of MT
Only ferromagnetic materials can be inspected.
Proper alignment of magnetic field and defect is critical.
Large currents are needed for very large parts.
Requires relatively smooth surface.
Paint or other nonmagnetic coverings adversely affect

sensitivity.
Demagnetization and post cleaning is usually

necessary.
Penetrant Testing
Penetrant solution is applied to
the surface of a precleaned
component. The liquid is pulled
into surface-breaking defects by
capillary action. Excess
penetrant material is carefully
cleaned from the surface. A
developer is applied to pull the
trapped penetrant back to the
surface where it is spread out
and forms an indication. The
indication is much easier to see
than the actual defect.
Steps of Penetrant Testing

1. Surface Preparation: One of the most critical
steps of a liquid penetrant inspection is the
surface preparation. The surface must be free of
oil, grease, water, or other contaminants that may
prevent penetrant from entering flaws. The
sample may also require etching if mechanical
operations such as machining, sanding, or grit
blasting have been performed. These and other
mechanical operations can smear the surface of
the sample, thus closing the defects.

2. Penetrant Application: Once the surface has been thoroughly
cleaned and dried, the penetrant material is applied by

spraying, brushing, or immersing the parts in a penetrant
bath.

3. Penetrant Dwell: The penetrant is left on the surface for a
sufficient time to allow as much penetrant as possible to be

drawn from or to seep into a defect. Penetrant dwell time is the
total time that the penetrant is in contact with the part surface.
Dwell times are usually recommended by the penetrant
producers or required by the specification being followed. The
times vary depending on the application, penetrant materials
used, the material, the form of the material being inspected, and
the type of defect being inspected. Minimum dwell times
typically range from 5 to 60 minutes. Generally, there is no
harm in using a longer penetrant dwell time as long as the
penetrant is not allowed to dry. The ideal dwell time is often
determined by experimentation and is often very specific to a
particular application.

4. Excess Penetrant Removal: This is a most delicate
part of the inspection procedure because the excess
penetrant must be removed from the surface of the
sample while removing as little penetrant as
possible from defects. Depending on the penetrant
system used, this step may involve cleaning with a
solvent, direct rinsing with water, or first treated with
an emulsifier and then rinsing with water .

5. Developer Application: A thin layer of developer is
then applied to the sample to draw penetrant
trapped in flaws back to the surface where it will be
visible. Developers come in a variety of forms that
may be applied by dusting (dry powdered), dipping,
or spraying (wet developers).

6. Indication Development: The developer is allowed to
stand on the part surface for a period of time sufficient

to permit the extraction of the trapped penetrant out of
any surface flaws. This development time is usually a
minimum of 10 minutes and significantly longer times
may be necessary for tight cracks.

7. Inspection: Inspection is then performed under
appropriate lighting to detect indications from any
flaws which may be present.
8. Clean Surface: The final step in the process is to

thoroughly clean the part surface to remove the
developer from the parts that were found to be
acceptable.
Main uses of Penetrant Testing

Used to locate cracks, porosity, and other defects
that break the surface of a material and have
enough volume to trap and hold the penetrant
material. Liquid penetrant testing is used to inspect
large areas very efficiently and will work on most
nonporous materials.
Advantages of Penetrant Testing
Large surface areas or large volumes of

parts/materials can be inspected rapidly and at low
cost.
Parts with complex geometry are routinely

inspected.
Indications are produced directly on surface of the

part providing a visual image of the discontinuity.
Equipment investment is minimal.
Disadvantages of Penetrant Testing
Detects only surface breaking defects.
Surface preparation is critical as contaminants can

mask defects.
Requires a relatively smooth and nonporous surface.
Post cleaning is necessary to remove chemicals.
Requires multiple operations under controlled

conditions.
Chemical handling precautions are necessary (toxicity,

fire, waste).
Radiography Testing
The radiation used in radiography testing is a higher
energy (shorter wavelength) version of the
electromagnetic waves that we
see as visible light. The radiation can come from an
X-ray generator or a radioactive source.
Radiography Testing
High Electrical Potential
Electrons
+
X-ray Generator or Radioactive Source Creates

Radiation
Radiation
Penetrate
the
Sample
Exposure Recording Device
Radiography Testing
RT involves the use of penetrating gamma- or Xradiation to examine material's and product's defects
and internal features. An X-ray machine or
radioactive isotope is used as a source of radiation.
Radiation is directed through a part and onto film or
other media. The resulting shadowgraph shows the
internal features and soundness of the part. Material
thickness and density changes are indicated as
lighter or darker areas on the film.
Radiography Testing
X-ray film
Top view of developed film
X-rays are used to produce

images of objects using film or
other detector that is sensitive
to radiation. The test object is
placed between the radiation
source and detector. The
thickness and the density of
the material that X-rays must
penetrate affects the amount
of radiation reaching the
detector.
Radiography Testing
This variation in radiation produces an image on the
detector that often shows internal features of the test
object.The part is placed between the radiation
source and a piece of film. The part will stop some
of the radiation. Thicker and more dense area will
stop more of the radiation.
Main Uses of RT
Used to inspect almost any material for surface and
subsurface defects. X-rays can also be used to
locates and measures internal features, confirm the
location of hidden parts in an assembly.
Advantages of RT
Can be used to inspect virtually all materials.
Detects surface and subsurface defects.
Ability to inspect complex shapes and multi-layered

structures without disassembly.
Minimum part preparation is required.
Disadvantages of RT
Extensive operator training and skill required.
Access to both sides of the structure is usually required.
Orientation of the radiation beam to non-volumetric

defects is critical.
Field inspection of thick section can be time consuming.
Relatively expensive equipment investment is required.
Possible radiation hazard for personnel.
Eddy Current Testing

Alternating electrical current is passed through a coil
producing a magnetic field. When the coil is placed
near a conductive material, the changing magnetic
field induces current flow in the material. These
currents travel in closed loops and are called eddy
currents. Eddy currents produce their own magnetic
field that can be measured and used to find flaws
and characterize conductivity, permeability, and
dimensional features.
Eddy Current Testing
Coil
Coil's
magnetic field
Eddy current's
magnetic field
Eddy
currents
Conductive
material
Main Uses of Eddy Current Testing

Used to detect surface and near-surface flaws in
conductive materials, such as the metals. Eddy
current inspection is also used to sort materials
based on electrical conductivity and magnetic
permeability, and measures the thickness of thin
sheets of metal and nonconductive coatings such
as paint.
Advantages of Eddy Current Testing
Detects surface and near surface defects.
Test probe does not need to contact the part.
Method can be used for more than flaw detection.
Minimum part preparation is required.
Disadvantages of Eddy Current Testing
Only conductive materials can be inspected.
Ferromagnetic materials require special treatment to

address magnetic permeability.
Depth of penetration is limited.
Flaws that lie parallel to the inspection probe coil winding

direction can go undetected.
Skill and training required is more extensive than other

techniques.
Surface finish and roughness may interfere.
Reference standards are needed for setup.
Non-Destructive Testing Method & Application

Flaw type
Surfac
e
Cracks
&
Flaws
SubSurface
Cracks
&
Flaws
Internal
Flaws
&
Disconti
nuities
Lack of
bond
Of lock
of
Fusion
Ferrous
Components
&
Finished
M.T.
U.T.
E.T.
R.T.
U.T.
U.T.
Non-ferrous
Components
Finished
P.T.
U.T.
E.T.
R.T.
U.T.
M.T.
U.T.
R.T.
U.T.
R.T.
U.T.
R.T.
U.T.
Material
Aircraft
Ferrous
Components
Aircraft
Non-Ferrous
R.T.
M.T.
E.T.
R.T.
P.T.
NonMetallic
Inclusions
Slag,
porosity
Material
Quality
Laminations,
Thickness
Measureme
nt
M.T.
U.T.
U.T.
U.T.
E.T.
U.T.
U.T.
M.T.
U.T.
U.T.
U.T.
P.T.
U.T.

Flaw type
Material
Ferrous
Forgings &
Stampings
Ferrous raw
Materials &
Rolled
products
Ferrous tube
&
pipe
Surfac
e
Cracks
&
Flaws
SubSurfac
e
Crack
s&
Flaws
Internal
Flaws
&
Discont
inuities
M.T.
M.T.
U.T.
R.T.
U.T.
R.T.
U.T.
U.T.
M.T.
U.T.
U.T.
M.T.
U.T.
U.T.
M.T.
U.T.
U.T.
M.T.
U.T.
U.T.
M.T.
M.T.
E.T.
Lack of
bond
Of lock
of
Fusion
U.T.
Non-Metallic
InclusionsSlag,
porosity
Materia
l
Quality
Laminations
,
Thickness
Measureme
nt

Flaw type
Material
Ferrous
welds
Steel
castings
Surface
Cracks
&
Flaws
M.T.
U.T.
P.T.
M.T.
Iron castings
M.T.
Non-Ferrous
Components
&
Materials
P.T.
E.T.
SubSurfa
ce
Crack
s&
Flaws
Internal
Flaws
&
Discont
inuities
U.T.
R.T.
U.T.
M.T.
U.T.
U.T.
E.T.
Lack
of
bond
Or
lack of
Fusio
n
Material
Quality
Laminations
,
Thickness
Measureme
nt
R.T.
U.T.
U.T.
R.T.
U.T.
R.T.
U.T.
U.T.
U.T.
R.T.
U.T.
R.T.
U.T.
R.T.
U.T.
NonMetallic
InclusionsSlag,
porosity
U.T.
P.T.
U.T.
U.T.
U.T.
U.T.
NDT Facility at L&T Hazira

1. Ultrasonic Testing
Sr.no.
Model
Make
Key Features
USM 25 S
Krautkramer
Recording and printing facility upto

200 nos of A-Scan displays
USD 15X
Krautkramer
Output for permanent recording
SS-130/230
Sonatest
Multiple DAC and echo dynamics

determinations
ISONIC
UDS 3.3
Sonotron
Recording and printing of B & C scan,

end view, TOFD and probe
characteristic determination .
EX 10/100
EEC
Printing of freeze wave form
USK 6/7
Krautkramer
More gain reserve and more

resolving power

2. Radiography Testing.
S.No
M/c
Description
Capacity
Quantity
Key Features
1.
LINAC/Mtsubi
shi
12.5MeV
Radiation thickness up to 500mm

with micro seconds
2.
X-Ray :
Seifert
India Ltd.
450KeV
High sensitivity. Using in control

rods (cd sandwich), for lower thick
and nuclear jobs.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Gamma ray/
Tech ops
AGFA
GEVERT
200KeV
Co.60
Ir.192
Auto
Processor
1
2NO.
Radiation thickness
thickness.
2NO.
Radiation thickness up to 3
thickness
Reduce cycle time, optimum
quality, easy to service, low
chemical consumption
2NO.
up
to

3. Penetrant Testing.
Pre-Cleaner
Penetrant
Excess Penetrant
Remover
AcetoneCommercial
Grade
PP-15
PC-21
PP-110
PC-120
Thane
AcetoneCommercial
Grade
FLAWGUIDE
Penetrant-NP
FLAWGUIDE
Cleaner-NP
FLAWGUIDE
Developer-NP
Magnaflux
AcetoneCommercial
Grade
SPOTCHECK
SKL-I
SKC-I
SPOTCHECK
SKD-S2
Manufacturer
P-Met,
Vadodra
Pradeep,
Developer
PD-31&31A
PD-130&
PD-130 A
Questions & Answers
Thank You

NDT

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NDT

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Supervisory Development Programme-I

L&T Heavy Engineering Divison

Where is NDT used ?

When is NDT used ?

Common NDT methods.

Questions & Answers

The field of Nondestructive Testing (NDT) is a very

Because NDT allows inspection without interfering

Where is NDT used ?

When is NDT used ?

The definition of defects changes with the type of

While performing NDT it is also important to consider

Discontinuity is categorized in four stages

Primary processing discontinuities.

Secondary processing discontinuities.

Service induced discontinuities.

Primary Processing discontinuities :

Primary Processing Discontinuities (Weld)

Primary Processing Discontinuities (Weld)

Primary Processing Discontinuities (Weld)

Primary Processing Discontinuities (Weld)

Primary Processing Discontinuities (Weld)

Primary Processing Discontinuities (Weld)

Primary Processing Discontinuities (Weld)

Primary Processing Discontinuities (Weld)

Primary Processing Discontinuities (Weld)

Primary Processing Discontinuities (Weld)

Cold / Hot Crack

Primary Processing Discontinuities (Weld)

Inadequate weld reinforcement

Primary Processing Discontinuities (Weld)

Excess weld reinforcement

Primary Processing Discontinuities (Weld)

Primary Processing Discontinuities (Weld)

Secondary processing Discontinuities

Heat Treating Cracks

Secondary processing Discontinuities

Service Induced Discontinuities

Service Induced Discontinuities

Stress Corrosion Cracking

Common NDT Methods

Magnetic Particle Testing.

Eddy Current Testing.

Types Of Sound Waves & Propagation

Types Of Sound Waves & Propagation

Longitudinal - Parallel to wave direction

Transverse - Perpendicular to wave direction

Surface (Rayleigh) - Elliptical orbit symmetrical mode

Plate Wave (Lamb) - Component perpendicular to

Types Of Sound Waves & Propagation

Longitudinal or Compressional Wave

Types Of Sound Waves & Propagation

Types Of Sound Waves & Propagation

Transverse or Shear Wave

Types Of Sound Waves & Propagation

Types Of Sound Waves & Propagation

Surface or Reyleigh Wave

Types Of Sound Waves & Propagation

Types Of Sound Waves & Propagation

Plate or Lamb Wave

Probe Placement for several weld

Probe Placement for several weld

Probe Placement for several weld