ECE 433

Wired Communications

Week #

Topics

Fundamental of wire communications, History of wire

communications and evolution of technology

Nature and characteristics of sound, Sound and Speech

parameters

Telegraphy

Telephony

Signaling, management of trunk and local loop, The rotary and

pulse dialing techniques

Basic CPE, Types of transmitters, receivers and microphones

MTE

Basic Element of Telephone Networks and Outside Plant facilities

and architecture

Plant Switching facilities and techniques

10

PSTN Value Added Services (VAS), ISDN, DSL and systems

Week #

Topics

11

Mobile telephone, Cordless phone, Marine and radio mobile

telephony, Introduction to Analog transmission, NMT, AMPS,
etc., Analog multiplexing

12

Introduction to Digital coding and Multiplexing

The PCM, MMS, SMS, and other VAS, Introduction to CDMA,
GSM, Third Generation Phone (3G), video transmission over the
telephone

13

Other wire systems of communications

CATV, TVRO, and CCTV systems

14

ETE

Evolution of Telephone
System
1876
February 14,
Alexander Graham
Bell submits a patent
application for
improvement in
telegraphy, which
results in the worlds
first telephone
patent. -March 10,
Bell calls Mr.
Watson, come here, I
want you.

Bells first telephone

1877
First permanent
telephone line is
installed between
Boston and Somerville,
Massachusetts. Edison
develops the carbon
telephone transmitter.
Siemens & Halske start
telephone production in
Germany.

Manual exchange used in Germany

around 1900

1878
Manual telephone switchboard operates in New
Haven, Connecticut.
Nutt starts as the first woman telephone operator.
Bell Telephone Company opens telephone service
in London.
Louis-Francois
Breguet
starts
telephone
production in Paris.

1881
International telephone
operation starts between
Detroit in the United
States and Windsor,
Ontario, in Canada.
1886
Strowger Company
develops the telephonedialing disk
1892
Strowger telephone
exchange operates in La
Porte, Indiana

Telephon of Reis, 1863:

left, the receiver; right, the transmitter.

Wall telephone, 1888.

Luxury table telephone used by the

Vatican, 1900

1915
New YorkSan
Francisco
telephone line
opens using
telephone
amplifiers.
John G. Roberts
and John N.
Reynolds obtain
the first patent for
crossbar switching.

Inauguration of the New

YorkChicago telephone line
by A.Graham Bell on
October 18, 1892

1925
CCIT (Consultative Committee International on
Telegraphy) and CCIF (Consultative Committee
International on Long Distance Telephony) are
founded.
1926
The first crossbar switch is installed at Sundsvall,
Sweden
1927
U.K.U.S. intercontinental radiotelephony begins.

1936
BristolPlymouth, U.K., long-distance cable carries
12 multiplexed telephone channels
1960
Electronic telephone exchange is installed in
Morris, Illinois.
1970
Digital switching begins operation in Lannion,
France.
-U.K.U.S. intercontinental direct dialing begins

1979
Cellular radio begins operation in Japan.
1991
Digital cellular radio (GSM) begins operation in
Finland.

Elements of Electronics
Communications

Electronics Communications
System transfer
information from one place to another.
Electronics
Communication

transmission,
reception, and processing of information between
two or more locations using electronic circuits.
The original source information can be in analog
form such as the human voice or music, or in
digital form such as binary-coded numbers or
alphanumeric codes.

SOUND
Sound is defined as any pressure variation that
the ear can detect ranging from the weakest
sounds to sound levels which can damage
hearing.
The study of sound is called ACOUSTICS and
covers all fields of sound production, sound
propagation and sound reception, whether
created and received by human beings or by
machines and measuring instruments.

Physics of Sound
Sound can propagate through compressible
media such as air, water and solids as
longitudinal waves and also as a transverse
waves in solids.
The sound waves are generated by a sound
source, such as the vibrating diaphragm of a
stereo speaker.
The sound source creates vibrations in the
surrounding medium.
As the source continues to vibrate the medium,
the vibrations propagate away from the source at
the speed of sound, thus forming the sound wave.

 At a fixed distance from the source, the pressure,

velocity, and displacement of the medium vary in
time.
At an instant in time, the pressure, velocity, and
displacement vary in space.
The behavior of sound propagation is generally
affected by three things:
A relationship betweendensityand pressure. This
relationship, affected by temperature, determines
the speed of sound within the medium.

 The propagation is also affected by the motion of

the medium itself. For example, sound moving
through wind. Independent of the motion of
sound through the medium, if the medium is
moving, the sound is further transported.
The viscosity of the medium also affects the
motion of sound waves. It determines the rate at
which sound is attenuated. For many media, such
as air or water, attenuation due to viscosity is
negligible.

Sound Waves Properties

and Characteristics

Frequency
Wavelength
Wave Number
Amplitude
Sound Pressure
Sound Intensity
Speed of Sound
Direction

 Sound that is perceptible by humans has

frequencies from about 20Hz to 20,000Hz.
In air atstandard temperature and pressure, the
corresponding wavelengths of sound waves range
from 17m to 17mm.
Sometimes speed and direction are combined as
avelocityvector; wave number and direction are
combined as awave vector.

Speed of Sound
Thespeed of sounddepends on the medium that
the waves pass through, and is a fundamental
property of the material.
The first significant effort towards the measure of
the speed of sound was made by Newton.
He believed that the speed of sound in a
particular substance was equal to the square root
of the pressure acting on it (STP) divided by its
density.

 This was later proven wrong when found to

incorrectly derive the speed.
French
mathematicianLaplacecorrected
the
formula by deducing that the phenomenon of
sound traveling is not isothermal, as believed by
Newton, butadiabatic.
Those physical properties and the speed of sound
change with ambient conditions.

For example, the speed of sound in gases

depends ontemperature. In 20C(68F) air at
sea level, the speed of sound is approximately
343m/s (1,230km/h; 767mph) using the formula
"v = (331 + 0.6 T) m/s".

 In fresh water, also at 20C, the speed of sound

is
approximately
1,482m/s
(5,335km/h;
3,315mph).
Insteel, the speed of sound is about 5,960m/s
(21,460km/h; 13,330mph).

Did you know that?

Zero dB-SPL threshold of hearing

10 dB-SPL sound of leaves rustling
120-140 dB-SPL sound produced by jet engine
120 dB-SPL threshold of pain