Wind Dynamic Analysis of Structures

Engineering & Construction Ventures
Wind Dynamic Analysis of

Structures
SALIENT POINTS
NATURE OF WIND MOTION
DAMAGES CAUSE DUE TO STRONG WIND
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES UNDER WIND
CODAL PROVISIONS
PRACTICAL EXAMPLE
ADVANCED TOPICS
WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES
NATURE OF WIND MOTION
NATURE OF WIND
Cyclones
It belongs to tropical cyclones, which derive all their energy from the latent heat released by the
condensation of water vapour. Extra tropical cyclones are produced by mountain barriers or by
interaction of air masses along fronts; 30 - 45 km/h.
Hurricane
The strongest wind is called hurricane (Hunraken); 150 - 300 km/h;
Typhoon
Hurricanes are known as typhoons (Far East) cyclones (Australia, IndianOcean)
Tornadoes
Most powerful winds causing the greatest damage; vortex of air(~300 m in diameter) develops
within severe thunderstorms; move 20~25 km predominantly towards NE; funnel-shaped clouds;
minimum pressure at the centre of the vortex. Thunderstorms: caused by heavy precipitation (like
wall jets)
MEASUREMENT OF WIND
MEASUREMENT OF WIND - ANEMOGRAM
ANEMOGRAM FOR TROPICAL CYCLONE
WIND SCALE
ENHANCED FUJITA SCALE
ENHANCED FUJITA SCALE
10
NATURAL CATASTROPHIC EVENTS
11
ESCARPMENTS AND HILL SLOPES
12
13
DAMAGES CAUSE DUE TO STRONG WIND
14
FAILURE OF STRUCTURES
15
FAILURE OF STRUCTURES
16
DAMAGES TO HIGH RISE BUILDINGS
17
DAMAGES TO HIGH RISE BUILDINGS
18
DAMAGES TO LOW RISE BUILDINGS
19
DAMAGES TO LOW RISE BUILDINGS
20
DAMAGES TO WIND TURBINE TOWER
21
RESPONSE UNDER WIND
22
RESPONSE UNDER WIND
23
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

UNDER WIND
24
25
DYNAMIC EFFECTS OF WIND

1. Longitudinal Gust of Wind
The gust response factor, G, may be
defined as the ratio of the expected
maximum response (e.g. deflection or
stress) of the structure in a defined time
period (e.g. 10 min or 1 h), to the mean, or
time-averaged response, in the same time
period.
26

2. Lateral Gustiness or Cross Wind
27

2. Lateral Gustiness or Cross Wind
28
3. Unsteady wake flow (Vortex Shedding)

4. Negative Aero Dynamic Damping or
Galloping
Galloping is a form of aerodynamic instability caused by negative
aerodynamic damping in the cross wind direction
1
dC L
z
2
Fz a U b(C D
)( )
2
d
U
1
dC
a Ub(C D L )z
2
d
For (C D
dC L
) 0 , Fz is positive - acts in same direction as z
d
29
3. Unsteady wake flow (Vortex Shedding)

4. Negative Aero Dynamic Damping or
Galloping
Cross sections prone to galloping :
Square section (zero angle of attack)
D-shaped cross section
iced-up transmission line or guy cable
30
5. Flutter
Aerodynamic instabilities involving rotation are known as flutter, using
aeronautical parlance, and are a potential problem with the suspended
decks of long-span bridges.
31
6. Ovaling
The Tip of Chimney can experience radial motion with a number of
lobes around its circumference.
This is termed as ovalling and the most common motion appears to be
two-lobed oscillation with two cycles around the periphery appearing
like a near ellipse at maximum amplitude.
Generally occurs, when the period of circular ring coincides with the
half the period of vortex shedding.
32
7. Lock-in
Motion-induced forces can occur during vibration produced by vortex
shedding
The frequency of the shedding of vortices can lock-in to the frequency of
motion of the body.
The strength of the vortices shed, and the fluctuating forces resulting are
also enhanced.
Lock-in has been observed many times during the vibration of lightly
damped cylindrical structures such as steel chimneys, and occasionally
during the vortex-induced vibration of long-span bridges.
33
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES UNDER WIND

Cross-wind response of slender towers
Sinusoidal excitation model :

Equation of motion (jth mode):
G j a C j a K j a Q j (t )
Gj is the generalized or effective mass =
m(z) j (z) dz
2
j(z) is mode shape

Qj(t) is the generalized or effective force =
f(z, t) j (z) dz
34

Representing the applied force Qj(t) as a sinusoidal function of time, an
expression for the peak deflection at the top of the structure can be
derived :
h
h
2
C j (z) dz
y max (h) a C b 0 j (z) dz
0
h 2
b
16 2 G j jSt 2
4 Sc St 2 (z) dz
where j is the critical damping ratio for the jth mode, equal to
Cj
2
GjK j
Strouhal Number for vortex shedding ze = effective height ( 2h/3)
n jb
nsb
St
U(z e ) U(z e )
(Scruton Number or mass-damping parameter) m = average mass/unit
height
4m j
Sc
a b2
35

This can be simplified to :
y max
k.C
b
4 .Sc.St 2
where k is a parameter depending on mode shape
(z)
dz
j
0
h
j (z) dz
2
The mode shape j(z) can be taken as (z/h)

For uniform or near-uniform cantilevers, can be taken as 1.5;
then k = 1.6
36

Random excitation model (Vickery/Basu)
Assumes excitation due to vortex shedding is a random process

lock-in behaviour is reproduced by negative aerodynamic damping
Peak response is inversely proportional to the square root of the
damping
In its simplest form, peak response can be written as :
y
A
b [( Sc / 4 ) K (1 y 2
1/ 2
)]
2
ao
yL
A = a non dimensional parameter constant for a particular structure
(forcing terms)
Kao = a non dimensional parameter associated with aerodynamic
damping
yL= limiting amplitude of vibration
37

Random excitation model (Vickery/Basu)
Three response
regimes :
Maximum tip 0.10

deflection /
diameter
Lock in region - response

driven by aerodynamic
damping
Lock-in
Regime
0.01
Transition
Regime
0.001
Forced
vibration
Regime
2
10
20
Scruton
Number
39
TOWERS, CHIMNEYS AND MASTS - SCRUTON NUMBER

The Scruton Number (or mass-damping parameter) appears in peak
response calculated by both the sinusoidal and random excitation
models
Sc
4m
a b2
m
Sometimes a mass-damping parameter is used = Sc /4 =
a b2
Clearly the lower the Sc, the higher the value of ymax / b
model)
Sc (or Ka) are often used to indicate the propensity to
vortex-induced vibration
(either
40
SCRUTON NUMBER AND STEEL STACKS

Sc (or Ka) is often used to indicate the propensity to vortex-induced
vibration
e.g. for a circular cylinder, Sc > 10 (or Ka > 0.8), usually indicates low
amplitudes of vibration induced by vortex shedding for circular
cylinders
American National Standard on Steel Stacks (ASME STS-1-1992)
provides criteria for checking for vortex-induced vibrations, based on
Ka
Mitigation methods are also discussed : helical strakes, shrouds,
additional damping (mass dampers, fabric pads, hanging chains)
A method based on the random excitation model is also provided in
ASME STS-1-1992 (Appendix 5.C) for calculation of displacements
for design purposes.
41
TOWERS, CHIMNEYS AND MASTS - HELICAL STRAKES
For mitigation of vortex-shedding induced vibration :

h/3
Eliminates cross-wind vibration, but increases

drag coefficient and along-wind vibration
0.1b
42
TOWERS, CHIMNEYS AND MASTS

Slender structures (height/width is high)
Mode shape in first mode - non linear
Higher resonant modes may be significant
Cross-wind response significant for circular cross-sections

critical velocity for vortex shedding 5n1b for circular sections
10 n1b for square sections
- more frequently occurring wind speeds than for square sections
43
GUST EFFECTIVE FACTOR METHOD ALONG WIND EFFECT
As per IS 875 - 1993

Roughness
Factor
Gust Energy Factor
Damping
Gust Factor
BackGround Factor
Size Reduction
Factor
44
ACROSS WIND EFFECT (VORTEX SHEDDING)
45
ALONG-WIND RESPONSE - GUST RESPONSE FACTOR

Shear force : Qmax = Q. Gq
Bending moment : Mmax = M. Gm

Deflection : xmax = x. Gx
The gust response factors for base b.m. and tip deflection
differ - because of non-linear mode shape
The gust response factors for b.m. and shear depend on the
height of the load effect, z1 i.e. Gq(z1) and Gm(z1) increase with z1
46
Along-wind response - effective static loads
160
140
Height (m)
Resonant
Combined
120
100
Background
80
Mean
60
40
20
0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Effective pressure (kPa)
Separate effective static load distributions for mean, background

and resonant components.
47
Cross-wind response of slender towers

For lattice towers - only excitation mechanism is lateral turbulence
For solid cross-sections, excitation by vortex shedding is usually
dominant (depends on wind speed)
Two models : i) Sinusoidal excitation
ii) Random excitation
Sinusoidal excitation has generally been applied to steel chimneys
where large amplitudes and lock-in can occur - useful for
diagnostic check of peak amplitudes in codes and standards
Random excitation has generally been applied to R.C. chimneys
where amplitudes of vibration are lower. Accurate values are
required for design purposes. Method needs experimental data at
high Reynolds Numbers.
48
CODAL PROVISION
49
50
51
52
53
REFERENCES
AS/NZS1170.2: 2002 Structural Design Actions-Part 2: Wind Actions.
IS 4998 (Part 1) 1992 - Indian Standard Criteria for Design of Reinforced
Concrete Chimneys.
CICIND Model Code for Concrete Chimneys.
IITK-GSMDA-Wind02-V5.0 - IS 875 (Part3): Wind Loads on Buildings and
Structure Proposed Draft and Commentary.
American National Standard on Steel Stacks (ASME STS-1-1992)
54
CODAL COMPARISIONS
55
CODAL COMPARISIONS
56
WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF

STRUCTURES
57
WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF

STRUCTURES
58
59
60
61
62
PRACTICAL EXAMPLE
63
CASE STUDY
LOADING AS PER IS 875
STATIC
DYNAMIC EFFECT
GUST
VORTEX
(1) Aspect Ratio

Height of the structure / Length or Breadth > 5
(8.94)
(2) Frequency :
Fundamental frequency of the Structure is < 1 Hz
(1.14 Hz )
Any Building which falls in either of the above two criteria's
needs to be examined for Dynamic effects of Wind.
64
GUST EFFECTIVE FACTOR METHOD ALONG WIND EFFECT
As per IS 875 - 1993

Roughness
Factor
Gust Energy Factor
Damping
Gust Factor
BackGround Factor
Size Reduction
Factor
65
ACROSS WIND EFFECT (VORTEX SHEDDING)
S = 0.15
Vd = k1*k2*k3*Vb = 1.07*1.0*0.96*44 = 45.2 m/s
b = 12 m.
Hz
It is very low compared to f = 1.14 Hz.
Hence ,No need to considered across wind component
66
CASE STUDY
Max Pressure 1.83 kN/m2
BASED ON 3 SEC GUST

BASIC WIND VELOCITY
Vb= 44 m/s
Vz= k1 k2 k3 Vb m/s
pz =0.6 Vz2 N/m2
Where,
k1 =1.07, k2 = varies
k3 = 1.0
F = Cf *A * pz
Force Coefficient Cf = 1.75

WIND PRESSURES
67
CASE STUDY- DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTIC OF TOWER
1.14 Hz. mx =24%, mz=16%
1.26 Hz. mx =17.4%, mz=25%
68
CASE STUDY

BASED ON Hourly Wind Speed
(Table 33 as per IS : 875 ( Part 3 ))

F = G *A * pz
Force Coefficient Cf = 1.81
Remark:
Pressures around 22 % more
than static case
Catering only for along
wind Gustiness.

WIND PRESSURES
69
CASE STUDY
DEFLECTION UNDER STATIC WIND LOAD

Sr.
No.
Direction
Ux
(mm)
Uy
(mm)
Uz
(mm)
(1)
Wind -+X
160.4
20
12.7
(2)
Wind - -X
162
22.3
19.4
(3)
Wind - +Z
16
20.5
178
(4)
Wind - -Z
16
22.7
181
Limiting : h/300 = 76000/300 ~ 253.3 mm
Wind in X Direction
70
CASE STUDY
DEFLECTION UNDER DYNAMIC WIND LOAD

Sr.
No.
Direction
Ux
(mm)
Uy
(mm)
Uz
(mm)
(1)
Wind -+X
181.3
1.05
15
(2)
Wind - -X
184
26
29
(3)
Wind - +Z
24
23
203.4
(4)
Wind - -Z
24.2
26
206.2
Wind in X Direction
71
CASE STUDY STATIC CASE
Sr.
No.
Direction
Base
Shear
(kN)
(1)
Wind -+X
2740
(2)
Wind - -X
2683
(3)
Wind - +Z
2993
(4)
Wind - -Z
3000
Wind in X Direction
72
CASE STUDY DYNAMIC CASE
Sr.
No.
Direction
Base
Shear
(kN)
(1)
Wind -+X
3250
(2)
Wind - -X
3225
(3)
Wind - +Z
3294
(4)
Wind - -Z
3603
Wind in X Direction
73
CASE STUDY SEISMIC LOAD

LOADING AS PER IS 1893(4)
Zone : Mumbai
Class 1 Type of Structure
Case : MCE
Z= 0.16
I = 1.5
R=2
Damping 4 %
Ah =0.16*1.5/2 = 0.12
74
CASE STUDY
Sr.
No.
Direction
Base
Shear
(kN)
(1)
Seismic X
996
(2)
Seismic Z
774
(3)
Seismic Y
354
Seismic in X Direction
75
COMPARISON OF OVERTURNING MOMENTS UNDER WIND

LOADS (ALONG WIND AND CROSS WIND COMPONENTS)
As per Indian Code IS 875 (3) 1987
For Diagonal Wind
8730t-m
13427 t-m
G= 1.774
13587 t-m
16192.5 t-m
10201 t-m
G= 1.774
Cf=1.2
G= 1.774
Cf=1.75
Cf=1.75
As per Australian Code AS/NZS1170.2

10295tm
8705t-m
Diagonal Wind Not

Considered
10446t-m
14848 tm
12029 t-m
14666.5t-m
76
ADVANCED TOPIC
77
WIND TUNNEL TESTING
78
CASE STUDY MACAU
TOWER
Concrete tower 248 metres (814

feet) high Tapered cylindrical
section up to 200 m (656 feet) :16
m diameter (0 m) to 12 m diameter
(200 m)
Pod with restaurant and
observation decks Between 200
m and 238m Steel
communications tower 248 to 338
metres (814 to 1109 feet)
Wind tunnel model scaling :
Aeroelastic model (1/150)
Length ratio Lr = 1/150

Density ratio r = 1
Velocity ratio Vr = 1/3
79
CASE STUDY : MACAU TOWER

Wind-tunnel
AS1170.2
Macau Building Code
Derived ratios to design model :
Axial stiffness ratio EAr = r Vr Lr

Use stepped aluminium alloy spine
to model stiffness of main shaft and
legs
2
Full-scale Height (m)
Bending stiffness ratio EIr = r Vr2 Lr4
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0.0
0.5
1.0
Vm /V240
1.5
Mean velocity profile
80

Wind tunnel test results - along-wind b.m. (MN.m) at 85.5 m (280 ft.)
R.m.s.
MACAU
TOWER Mean
Maximum
0.5% damping Minimum
2000
1500
1000
500
0
-500 0
20
40
60
80
100
Full scale mean wind speed at 250m (m/s)
81

Wind tunnel test results - cross-wind b.m.(MN.m) at 85.5 m (280
ft.)
R.m.s.
MACAU TOWER Mean
Maximum
0.5% damping
2000
1500
1000
500
0
-500 0
-1000
-1500
-2000
20
40
60
Minimum
80
100
Full scale mean wind speed at 250m (m/s)
82
CASE STUDY - ALONG WIND RESPONSE

At each level on the structure define equivalent wind loads
for :
mean wind pressure
background (quasi-static) fluctuating wind pressure
resonant (inertial) loads
These components all have different distributions
Combine three components of load distributions for
bending moments at various levels on tower
Computer model calibrated against wind-tunnel results
83

Macau Tower Effective static loads
(s=0 m)
Height (m)
U m ean = 59 7m/s; 5% damping

350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Mean
Background
Resonant
Combined
100
200
Load (kN/m)
84

Wind-tunnel
MACAU TOWER
- Turbulence
AS1170.2
Macau Building
Intensity
ProfileCode
Turbulence intensity profile :
350
Full-scale
Height (m)
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0.0
0.1
Iu
0.2
0.3
85

Along-wind response was dominant
Cross-wind vortex shedding excitation not strong because
of complex pod geometry near the top
Along- and cross-wind have similar fluctuating components
about equal, but total along-wind response includes mean
component
86
ENERGY DISSIPATION DEVICES

Tuned Liquid Dampers
Tuned Mass Dampers
Viscous Liquid Dampers
OVERVIEW OF SEISMIC DESIGN
2/4/15
87
THANK YOU
88

Wind Dynamic Analysis of Structures

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Wind Dynamic Analysis of Structures

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Engineering & Construction Ventures

Wind Dynamic Analysis of

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

NATURE OF WIND MOTION

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

MEASUREMENT OF WIND - ANEMOGRAM

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

ANEMOGRAM FOR TROPICAL CYCLONE

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

ENHANCED FUJITA SCALE

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

ENHANCED FUJITA SCALE

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

NATURAL CATASTROPHIC EVENTS

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

ESCARPMENTS AND HILL SLOPES

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

DAMAGES CAUSE DUE TO STRONG WIND

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

DAMAGES TO HIGH RISE BUILDINGS

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

DAMAGES TO HIGH RISE BUILDINGS

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

DAMAGES TO LOW RISE BUILDINGS

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

DAMAGES TO LOW RISE BUILDINGS

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

DAMAGES TO WIND TURBINE TOWER

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

RESPONSE UNDER WIND

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

RESPONSE UNDER WIND

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

DYNAMIC EFFECTS OF WIND

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

DYNAMIC EFFECTS OF WIND

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

DYNAMIC EFFECTS OF WIND

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

DYNAMIC EFFECTS OF WIND

3. Unsteady wake flow (Vortex Shedding)

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

DYNAMIC EFFECTS OF WIND

3. Unsteady wake flow (Vortex Shedding)

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

DYNAMIC EFFECTS OF WIND

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

DYNAMIC EFFECTS OF WIND

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

DYNAMIC EFFECTS OF WIND

WIND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES UNDER WIND

Sinusoidal excitation model :

j(z) is mode shape