Literature

Review
Dr.N.Mahesh, Prof. & Head,
MMS Dept.

Goals of the Presentation

To help you understand the

purpose and basic requirements
of an effective literature review.
To help you critically assess
research materials.
To develop strategies for
inventing, organizing, and
drafting a literature review.
To help you cite sources
appropriately.
Dr.N.Mahesh, Prof. & Head, MMS
Dept.

Research Methodology

What is research?
The systematic investigation
to develop theories, establish
evidence and solve problems
(Gough et al 2012 p.1)
Research can focus on:
The creation of new
knowledge through primary
studies
Creation of knowledge on the
basis of previous research
Knowledge should be
cumulative (Oakley 2012)
Dr.N.Mahesh, Prof. & Head, MMS
Dept.

The Literature Review

The review of the literature is
defined as a broad,
Literature Review
comprehensive,
in-depth,
systematic, and critical review of
scholarly publications,
unpublished scholarly print
materials, audiovisual materials,
and personal communications

The Literature Review

The review of the literature is traditionally
considered a systematic and critical review
of the most important published scholarly
literature on a particular topic.
Literature
Review
Scholarly literature refer to published and
unpublished data based literature and
conceptual literature materials found in
print and non print forms
Data based literature - reports of
completed research
Conceptual research - reports of theories,
concepts

Literature Review

Types

Literature Review
Assignment

Continu
es or
stops
here

Research
Proposal or
Thesis
or
Research
Project

Literature Review
?
?
?
Themes,
findings,
theories,
debates, focus
on area etc.

Unanswered
questions,
conflicting
findings etc.

?
How your
research fits
into the general
context and
helps explore a
question.

Lit
Revie
w

Metho
d

Result
s

Discussi
on

Etc.

Relationship Of Review Of Literature To

Theory, Research, Education And Practice
Research

Review of
Literature
Educatio
n

Practice

Theory
7

Literature Review

Structure

General
My
Gaps
research
context

Broader
topics
Subtopics
Studies like
yours

Literature Review
The
proportion
of these
depends
on your
topic and
level

Themes,
findings,
theories,
debates, focus
on area etc.
Unanswered
questions,
conflicting findings
etc.
How your research fits into
the general context and
helps explore a question.

HOW TO
GET

STARTE ?
D

TOPI Choose, explore,

focus
C
google scholar,
RESEAR
digital
CH

library, IEEE xplore,

ACM portal,
Read, take notes, shape
USE
annualreviews.org
BRAIN ideas,
analyse and critique
KEEP
of
citations
TRACK
WRITE Write-re-write,revise, proof-read
+

Literature Review

Process

Purpose

Literature Review

Literature Review

Purpose

For You

Literature Review
The
overall
purpose
of
literature
review is
to
discover
knowle
dge

Literature Review

Purpose

For Your Reader

Literature Review

Literature Review

Start Reading

Theories
Authors
Introductions
Theories
Authors
Key words
Key
Introductions
words

Literature Review

Literature Review Synonymous

Conceptual literature

Data based
literature

Empirical
Theoretical literature
literature
Scholarly non research
Scientific literature
literature
Literature
Review
Scholarly work
Research literature
Soft versus hard
Scholarly research
science literature
literature
Review of the literature
Research study
article
study
Concept analysis article

Steps of Searching the Literature

Determine concept/issue/topic/problem
Conduct computer (and/or hand) search
Weed out irrelevant sources before
printing
Organize sources from printout for
retrieval
Retrieve relevant sources

Conduct preliminary reading and weed out irrelevant sourc

Critically read each source (summarize & critique each
source)

Synthesize critical summaries

Literature Review

Find

Manage Your Notes

Literature Review
Highlights
Summaries
Questions
etc.

Note pages
Endnote etc.
Mind maps
etc.

Introduction
Method
Justify your
research

Literature Review

Focused Reading

Specific focus on ideas & methods

Literature Review

Literature Review

Writing

Block time

Literature Review

Critiquing Criteria for a Review of the Literature

1. Does the literature review uncover

gaps or inconsistencies in
knowledge?
2. How does the review reflect critical
Literature Review
thinking?
3. Are all the relevant concepts and
variables included in the review?
4. Dose the summary of each
reviewed study reflect the essential
components of the study design?

Critiquing Criteria for a Review of the Literature

5. Dose the critique of each reviewed

study include strengths, weaknesses,
or limitations of the design; conflicts;
and gaps or inconsistencies in
information
in relation
to the area of
Literature
Review
interest?
6. Were both conceptual and data based
literature included?
7. Were primary sources mainly
included?
8. Is there a written summary synthesis
of the reviewed scholarly literature?

Critiquing Criteria for a Review of the Literature

9. Does the synthesis summary follow a

logical sequence that leads the reader to
why there is the need for the particular
research or non research project?
10.Did the organization of the reviewed
studies (i.e. chronologically, or according to
concepts/variables, or type/design of study)
follow logically, enhancing the ability of the
reader to evaluate the need for the
particular research or non research project?
11.Does the literature review follow the
purpose(s) of the study or non research
project?

Literature Review

Structure of review articles

Literature reviews are in reality a type of
research
Should conform to the anatomy of a typical
scholarly article

Literature Review

Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
References

Structure of literature review

Introduction
Gives a quick idea of the topic of the literature review,
such as the central theme or organizational pattern.

Body

Literature Review

Contains your discussion of sources.

Conclusions/Recommendations
Discuss what you have drawn from reviewing literature
so far. Where might the discussion proceed?

How to organize studies

Chronological
By publication date
By trend

Literature Review

Thematic

A structure which considers different themes

Methodological
Focuses on the methods of the researcher,
e.g., qualitative versus quantitative
approaches

Making links between studies

Agreements
Similarly, author B points to
Likewise, author C makes the case that
Author D also makes this point
Again, it is possible to see how author E agrees with author
D

Literature Review

Disagreements
However, author B points to
On the other hand, author C makes the case that
Conversely, Author D argues
Nevertheless, what author E suggests

Summary table

It is useful to prepare.
Such a table provides a quick overview that
allows the reviewer to make sense of a large
mass of information.
The tables could include columns with headings
such as

Literature Review

Author
type of study
Sample
Design
data collection approach
key findings

Atmospherics in service environments

Summary table of literature

Citation

Sample

Environment

Method

Conclusions

Colour
Bellizzi, Crowley and
Hasty (1983)

125 Adults

Furniture store

Laboratory
experiment
Photographic
slide
simulations

Warm and cool colours created different emotional

responses. Customers view red retail environments as
more negative and unpleasant than blue.

Bellizzi, & Hite

(1992)

70 Adult women
107 Students

Televisions
shown
with
different colour
backgrounds
Furniture stores

Laboratory
experiments
Photographic
slide
simulations

Study based on PAD affect measures and approachavoidance behaviours.

More positive retail outcomes occurred in blue
environments than red.

1100
Supermarket
shoppers

Retail store

Field
experiment

Time in store reduced with loud music but level of sales

did not.

Milliman (1982)

216 Shoppers

Supermarket

Field
experiment

The tempo of background music influenced the pace at

which customers shopped. Slow tempo music slowed
customers down but resulted in increased volume of
sales.

Hui, Dub and Chebat

(1997)

116 Students

Bank branch
- waiting for
service.

Laboratory
experiment
Video
simulation

The positive impact of music on approach behaviours is

mediated by an emotional evaluation of the environment
and the emotional response to waiting. Pleasurable music
produced longer perceived waiting times.

Areni and Kim (1994)

171 Shoppers

Wine store

Field
experiment

The investigation found that brighter in-store lighting

influenced shoppers to examine and handle more of the
merchandise in the store

Summers and Hebert

(2001)

2367 Customers

Hardware store
Apparel store

Field
experiment

Confirmed Areni and Kims (1994) results. Increased

levels of lighting will produce arousal and pleasure and
increase the approach behaviours of customers.

Music
Smith and
(1966)

Curnow

Lighting

27

Citation styles
Information prominent citation
Example:

For viscoelastic fluids, the behaviour of the timedependent stresses in the transient shear flows is
also very important (Boger et al., 1974).

Literature Review

Author prominent citation

Examples:

Close (1983) developed a simplified theory using an

analogy between heat and mass transfer and the
equivalent heat transfer only case.
Several authors have suggested that automated
testing should be more readily accepted (Balcer,
1989; Stahl, 1989; Carver & Tai, 1991).

Active or passive voice

You should use, where appropriate,
both active and passive voice
Literature
As a general
rule, useReview
active voice
unless there is good reason not to

Reporting verbs

Argue
Assert
Assume
Challeng
e
Claim
Contend
Contradi
ct
Describe
Dispute
Emphasi
ze
Establis
h
Examine
Find
Maintain

Literature Review

Note
Object
Observe
Persuad
e
Propose
Prove
Purport
Recomme
nd

Refute
Reject
Remark
Suggest
Support

Verb tenses Present

A statement about what the thesis, chapter or
section does
Examples:

Literature Review

This thesis presents a report of an investigation into .

This chapter thus provides a basis for the next.
In this section, the results from the first set of experiments
are reported.

A statement of a generally accepted scientific

fact
Examples:

There are three factors that control the concentration of

aluminum in seawater.
The finite rate coefficients have an effect on heat transfer
through a horizontal porous layer.

Verb tenses Present

A review of current research work, or research
work of immediate relevance to your study.
Example:

Schulze (2002) concludes that hydraulic rate has a

significant effect on future performance.

Literature Review

Comments, explanations and evaluative

statements made by you when you are reviewing
previous studies.
Examples:

Therefore, this sequential approach is impractical in the real

world where projects are typically large and the activities
from one stage may be carried out in parallel with the
activities of another stage.
The reason for this anomalous result is that the tests were
done at low hydraulic rates at which the plastic packing was
not completely wetted.

Verb tenses Past

Report the contents, findings or
conclusions of past research
Literature Review
Examples:
Haberfield (1998) showed that the velocity of
many enzyme reactions was slowed down if the
end product had an increased paramagnetism.
Allington (1999) found that the temperatures
varied significantly over time.

Verb tenses Present perfect

In citations where the focus is on the research
area of several authors
Examples:

Literature Review

Several studies have provided support for the suggestion

that the amount of phonological recoding that is carried out
depends on orthographic depth (Frost, 1994; Smart et al,
1997; Katz & Feldman, 2001, 2002).
Joint roughness has been characterized by a number of
authors (Renger, 1990; Feker & Rengers, 1997; Wu & Ali,
2000).

To generalize about the extent of the previous

research
Examples:

Many studies have been conducted in this field.

Few researchers have examined this technique.
There has been extensive research into.........

The Writing Process

Rough Draft
Final Draft
Literature
Edit
Edit Again

Review

Show others
Have someone else look at your literature
review for
Clarity

Literature Review

Can they understand what youre trying say?

Flow
Does the organization make sense?

Completeness
Are there areas left out?
Questions left unanswered?
Statements without citations?

The Use of Literature Review in

1. Theoretical
framework
Quantitative
Research
The literature defines
concepts and terms in
relation to the study
3. Design and method

The literature review

reveals strengths and
weaknesses of
designs and methods
of previous research
studies

2. Problem statement and

hypotheses
The literature review helps to
determine what is known and
not known; to uncover gaps,
consistencies,
or
inconsistencies,
and/or
to
reveal unanswered questions
about a subject, concept or
problem
The literature review allows for
refinement
of research
4. Outcome
of the analysis
problems
and questions
(findings,
implications,
and
and/or hypotheses
recommendations)
The literature review is used to
discuss
the
results
or
findings of a study. The
discussion
relates
the
studys findings to what
was or was not found in the
review of literature

Literature Review

Outcome of the analysis

(findings,
implications,
and
5. Literature
review helps
consumers of
recommendations)
research e.g. students to:

1. Efficiently retrieve an adequate amount

of scholarly literature using computer
and print resources
2. Critically evaluate data based and
conceptual material
3. Critically evaluate a review of the
literature (the entire compilation of
conceptual and data based literature)
based on accepted reviewing criteria

A Good Literature Review is:

Focused - The topic should be narrow. You should only
present ideas and only report on studies that are closely
related to topic.
Concise - Ideas should be presented economically. Dont
take any more space than you need to present your ideas.
Logical - The flow within and among paragraphs should be a
smooth, logical progression from one idea to the next
Developed - Dont leave the story half told.
Integrative - Your paper should stress how the ideas in the
studies are related. Focus on the big picture. What
commonality do all the studies share? How are some studies
different than others? Your paper should stress how all the
studies reviewed contribute to your topic.
Current - Your review should focus on work being done on
the cutting edge of your topic.

Literature Review

Pitfalls
Vagueness due to too much or
inappropriate generalizations
Literature
Review
Limited
range
Insufficient information
Irrelevant material
Omission of contrasting view
Omission of recent work

Common errors in
reviewing literature
Hurrying through review to get started could mean
that you will miss something that will improve your
research.
Relying too heavily upon secondary sources.
Concentrating on findings rather than methods.
Overlooking sources other than academic journals.
Dont forget newspaper articles, magazines, blogs,
etc.
Searching too broad or too narrow of a topic.
Inaccuracy in the compiling of bibliographic
information.

Literature Review

WHYCITE
?
CREDITS TO
ORIGINAL AUTHORS

THE WORK HAS

CREDIBILITY

AVOID PLAGIARISM

Ignorance is not an excu

41

42

INFO&STYLE
Author
Date
Title of journal/book
Title of work (if an
article)
Publisher
Place of Publication
APA, IEEE, Harvard,
MLA

REFER HO10

PARENTHETICAL CITATION/IN-TEXT
According to Jones and Alford (2005) and Westlow
CITATION

(2009), global
is caused
by the(2009),
emissions
According
to Joneswarming
& Alford (2005)
and Westlow
global
warming
is caused
by the emissions from cans of
from cans
of spray
cheese.
spray
OR cheese.
Recent studies claim that global warming is caused

Recent studies claim that global warming is caused by the

by the emissions
from
cans
of spray
emissions
from cans of
spray
cheese
(Jones cheese
& Alford, (Jones
2005;
& Alford,2009).
2005; Westlow, 2009).
Westlow,

REFERENCE
Jone, A. J. & Alford, K. (2005). Global warming and
the current climate. Climate Trends. 25(3). 5664.
Westlow, S. R. (2009). The world is warmer. New
York: Thomson.

MOS
T

RESPECTE
D
Least

respected
TABLOIDS
Mingguan
Wanita

Most
respected

POPULAR
Metro

Berita
Harian

News
straits
times

QUASI
Science
News

Solusi

PEER-REVIEWED
Journal
With impact
factors

With SJR value

With Eigen Factor

TOOL
S

Dr.N.Mahesh, Prof. & Head, MMS

Dept.

THANK YOU

Literature Review

Dr.N.Mahesh, Prof. & Head, MMS

Dept.

Dr.N.Mahesh, Prof. & Head, MMS

Dept.

Dr.N.Mahesh, Prof. & Head, MMS

Dept.

Growth Prospects of Green Jobs in a Green Economy Mapping of Career Opportunities and Innovative Job Roles for Green Managers in India

Key Words: Climate Change,

Green Economy, Green jobs,
Sustainable Career, Innovative
job Roles, Green Managers.

Dr.N.Mahesh, Prof. & Head, MMS

Dept.

Abstract
Climate change has been a topic of global concern in recent times and in particular since failure to
reach consensus at Copenhagen climate summit in December 2009. In developing and developed
economies are at risk from climate change as well as the fastest-growing emissions of greenhouse
gases (GHGs)- the cause of global warming. The issue of combating climate change inherently
addresses the ability of economies, primarily in developing nations, addressing the causes and
consequences as a part of global transition in development priorities emphasizing opportunities to
environment and economic development. A growing number of economies are reaping the earlier
economic benefits by committing significantly to a green economy clean, low carbon, energy
economy, and opportunities for job growth and export.

With prospect of an emerging green economy there is great penetration of the new job market
and pursue opportunities across sectors and industries. As the green job market is in nascent stage,
the managers are much focused to environmentally sustainable career path not restricting to
working with environmental organizations alone and that makes the difference from a conventional
job. There are wide range of jobs being offered by the sustainable serious companies, either directly
into sustainable departments or within units of the business that are working on sustainability
related issues. This has transformed into a new wave for job growth from blue collar workforce to
green collar opportunities. Looking into corporate worlds realization of importance to sustainable
business development, there is a greater demand for managers.

This paper examines the prospects of green managers with new and innovative credentials on
carrying out the growing environmental responsibility movement and to understand its effects on
business and the economy. Further, the paper would map on green managers requirements experience, skills and interests that would translate well in a new field suitable for organizations
choosing sustainability seriously.

Dr.N.Mahesh, Prof. & Head, MMS

Dept.