UTM

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

AIR POLLUTION

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL FUNDAMENTAL

IDEAL GAS LAW

ADIABATIC EXPANSION COMPRESSION
UNIT OF MEASURE

IDEAL GAS LAW

Although polluted air may not be ideal from the
biological point view, we may treat is behavior
with respect to temperature and pressure as if
were ideal.
We assume that at the same temperature and
pressure, different kind of gases have different
density proportional to their molecular weight
may being writing in this form.
3

Daltons Law of Partial Pressure

Daltons law form the basic for calculation of
the correlation factor. Dalton found that the
total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is
equal to the sum of the pressure that each
type of gas would exert if it alone occupied
the container.

Adiabatic Expansion and Compression

Air pollution meteorology is, in part, a
consequence of the thermodynamic
processes of the atmosphere. One such
process is adiabatic expansion and
contraction. An adiabatic process is one
that taken place with no addition or
removal of heat and with sufficient
slowness so that the gas can be considered
to be in equilibrium at all time.
As example, let consider the piston and
cylinder in figure.
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Left side of the equation is zero (because of

adiabatic process), the increase in thermal
energy is equal to the work done. The
increase in thermal energy is reflected by an
increase in the temperature of the gases. If
the gas is expanded adiabatically, its
temperature will decrease.
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Unit measure
Microgram
s per cubic
meter

Parts per
million

The
micron
meter

Unit measure are used to

indicate the concentration
of a gaseous pollutant.

Converting

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11

Example
Convert the following data to ppm at all
temperature and pressure data.
material

Part per
million
ppm

Temperatu
re
Celsius

Pressure
kPA

Ppm

SO2

80

25

101.325

0.0305

NO2

0.55

-17.7

100.000

CO2

370

20

101.325

C (12g), O(16g), N(0.00g) and S(32.07g),

R = 8.3143 J/K.mole and T (K) = X (Celsius) + 273K

12

AIR POLLUTION METEREOLOGY

TURBULENCE
STABILITY
THE ATMOSPHERIC ENGINE
TERRAIN EFFCECTS

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TURBULENCE
MECHANICAL TURBULENCE
Turbulence is the addition of fluctuations in
the wind velocity, as compared to the
average wind velocity.
It is caused by fact that the atmosphere is
sheared as it moves.
This shearing occurs because the air actually
sticks to the ground (even though we may
not feel it) due to friction. Therefore the
wind velocity at the earth's surface is zero.

14

 As the mass of air moves across the earth,

the air on top moves faster than the air on
the bottom and falls over the slower air. This
"tumbling" creates a swirling motion.
The faster the average wind velocity, the
more tumbling and swirling is created.

15

 THERMAL TURBULENCE
When the earths surface is heated by the
sun, it will also heat the air directly above
it.
Since hot air is less dense than cool air, this
heated air will rise from the earths surface
to a higher elevation.
This movement forces a vertical rotation of
the air because the cooler air sinks to the
bottom as the warm air rises.

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 In the evening, the opposite occurs. The

cold ground cools the air that is above is,
causing it to become more dense.
This dense air will feel heavy and will sink
even closer to the ground.

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STABILITY
Stability is defined as the atmospheres
ability to enhance or resist vertical motion.
The stability of the atmosphere is affected
by the wind speed and by the lapse rate (the
change in air temperature with height) of
the atmosphere.
The atmosphere is classified as either stable,
neutral, or unstable.

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 Neutral Stability
the temperature of air parcel moving up or
down adjusts to that of its surrounding and
the rate of cooling is the same as the
adiabatic lapse rate of 1C/100m.
In other words, the temperature will drop by
1 degree C for every 100 meters we go up
into the air.

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20

UNSTABLE ATMOSPHERE
When the rate of air cooling with altitude is greater
than >1C/100m, the air mass becomes unstable and
rapid mixing and dilution of pollutants occurs.
If air is moving up, it is warmer than its surroundings
and it will continue to climb
whilst conversely, if the air is moved down, it is
cooler and denser than surroundings and it will
continue to fall.
This steeper temperature gradient encourages
greater thermal turbulence.

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22

STABLE ATMOSPHERE
However, if the rate of cooling with altitude is
slower than the adiabatic lapse rate of
1C/100m (ie<1C/100m ), the air will remain
stable and pollutants will concentrate.
This occurs commonly at night and during
winter.

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24

PLUME TYPES
The smoke trail or plume from a tall stack
located on flat terrain has been found to
exhibit a characteristic shape that is
dependent on the stability of the atmosphere
The 6 classical plumes are shown in figure
along with the corresponding temperature
profile

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LOOPING
common in early afternoon
Require windy conditions which cause the plume can
swirl up and down
Moderate and strong winds are formed on sunny
days creating unstable conditions

CONING
Happen at late morning
Require moderate winds and overcast days
wider than it is deep, and is elliptical in shape

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FANNING
Common at night
Require stable air and slow vertical movement of
the emission
temperature inversion limits the rise of the plume
into the upper atmosphere

FUMIGATION
Common in early morning
occur when the conditions move from stable to
unstable
unstable air causes the plume to move up and down
- can cause localised pollution
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LOFTING
Common in late afternoon
When plume is above the inversion layer (or there is
no inversion), it becomes a lofting plume
Normal wind direction and speed will disperse the
plume into the atmosphere without effect from
ground warming or cooling.

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ATMOSPHERIC ENGINE

Atmospheric like an engine (continually expanding and

compressing gases, exchanging heat and generally
raising chaos)
Driving energy comes from the sun
Diff. in heat input between the equator and the poles
provides initial overall circulation of the earths
atmosphere.
Rotation of the earth coupled with different heat
conductivities of the ocean and land produce weather.
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 HIGHS AND LOWS:

a)
Water: exert greater pressure at
greater depths
Atmosphere: Exerts more pressure at
the surface than it does a higher
elevations

PICTURE (page 581,figure 7.13)

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b)
winds flows from the higher pressure areas
to the lower pressure area

Nonrotating planet: wind direction is

perpendicular to the isobars
PICTURE (page 581, figure 7.14a)

Rotating planet: angular thrust called the

coriolis effect is added to this motion. The
resultant wind direction in the northern
hemisphere it is shown.
PICTURE (page 581,figure 7.14b)
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 Anticyclones system for high. Usually it

associated with good weather
Cyclones system for low. Usually associated
with foul weather.
Tornadoes and Hurricanes are the foulest
than the cyclone.

Wind speed:
When isobar close together, pressure
gradient be steep, wind speed high.
When isobar well spread, wind are light
and nonexistent.
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TERRAIN EFFECT
HEAT ISLAND
LAND/SEA BREEZES
VALLEYS

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HEAT ISLAND
absorbs and reradiates heat at greater
than surrounding area.
Causes moderate to strong vertical
convection currents above the heat
island. Can be nullified by strong wind
Industrial complexes and cities

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 Depending upon location of the pollutant,

it can be good or bad news.
- good news: ground level sources such
automobiles, the bowl of unstable air that
forms will allow greater air volume for
dilution of pollutant.
-Bad news:
stable conditions plume from tall stacks
will carried out over country
Unstable conditionsheat island will mixes
these plumes to the ground levels
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LAND/SEA BREEZES
Stagnant anticyclone strong circulation will
develop
across the shorelineof large water bodies

During night The land cools more rapidly than the

water. Cooling air over the land flows toward
the water.
`land breeze(bayu darat)
During morningland heats faster than water. The air
over the land become warm and rise. The rising air
is replaced by air from over the water body.
lake breeze(bayu laut)

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 Effect of lake breeze on stability:

-imposed a surface based inversion on the
temperature profile

Air moves from the water over the warm ground.

Thus, stack plumes originating near the
shoreline,stable lapse rate causes a fanning
plume close to the stack. The lapse condition
grows to the height of the stack as the air moves
inland. At some point inland,a fumigation plume
results

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Valleys
Moderate to strong winds, valleys oriented at an acute
angle to the wind direction channel the wind
The valleys peels off part of the wind and forces it follow
the direction of valley flow (page 588,figure 7.19)
Valley will have its own circulation under stagnating
cyclone.
Valley air will be warmed by warming valley walls. It
become more bouyant and flow up. At night, wind will
flow down.
Valley walls protect the floor from radiative heating by
sun. walls and floor are free to to radiate heat away to
the cold night sky.

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DISPERSION MODELING

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What is a dispersion model?

Mathematical description of the
meteorological transport and
dispersion process that is quantified in
terms of source and meteorologic
parameters during a particular time

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Basic Point Source Gaussian Dispersion Model

The model gives the ground level concentration (X) of
pollutant at coordinate (x,y) downwind from a stack
with an effective height (H)
The equation model is as follows:

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Where;
= Downwind concentration at ground
level,
g/m
= emission rate of pollutant, g/s
= plume standard deviations, m
= wind speed, m/s
= distances, m
= exponential
x is the crosswind distance from the
centerline of the plume
y is the downwind distance along plume
mean centerline from point source
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Value of effective stack height, H

Where h = physical stack height

H = plume rise
H may be computed from Hollands formula
as follows;

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Where;
= stack velocity. m/s
= stack diameter, m
= wind speed, m/s
= pressure, kPa
= stack temperature, K
= air temperature, K

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A Extremely unstable
B Moderately unstable
C Slightly unstable
D Neutral
E Slightly stable
F Moderately stable

48

A Extremely
unstable
B Moderately
unstable
C Slightly unstable
D Neutral
E Slightly stable
F Moderately
stable
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TABLE 7-8
Key to stability categories

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Algorithm to express stability class lines

developed by D.O Martin (1976)

where the constants a, c, d and f are defined in

Table 7-9

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Table 7-9
Values of a, c, d and f for calculating sy and sz

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Inversion Aloft

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Inversion Aloft
Vertical standard deviation,
Sz = 0.47(L H)
Where
L = Height to bottom of inversion layer, m
H = Effective stack height, m
When the distance is > 2XL, the centerline
concentration of pollution may be estimated using
equation below:-------- (7-25)

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Example 7.4
It has been estimated that the emission of SO2
from a coal-fired power plant is 1656.2 g/s (E). At
3km downwind on an overcast summer afternoon,
what is the centerline concentration of SO2 if the
wind speed is 4.50 m/s (u)? (Note: centerline
implies y = 0)
Stack Parameters: Height, h = 120.0 m
Diameter, d = 1.20 m
Exit velocity, vs = 10.0 m/s
Temperature, T = 315C
Atmospheric conditions: Pressure, P = 95.0 kPa
Temperature, Ta = 25.0C
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Solution
i)

Determine effective stack height (H)

ii)

Determine atmospheric stability class based on Table 7-8

Since it is stated in the question that it has overcast condition,
thus class D is used.
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iii) Determine plume standard deviations, Sy and Sz

2 ways to determine: 1st Graphical method ( Figure 7-22 & Figure
7-23)
2nd Equation 7-22 & 7-23
Hence;

iv) Substitute all values into Eqn 7-19 to obtain centerline

concentration of SO2

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Indoor Air Quality Model

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Mass balance model for indoor air pollution

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If we assume the contents of the box are well

mixed:

Or

Where V =
C =
Q =
Ca =

volume of box, m3
concentration of pollutant, g/m3
rate of infiltration of air into and out of box, m3/s
concentration of pollutant in outdoor air, g/m3

E = emission rate of pollutant into box from indoor source g/s

k = pollutant decay rate or reaction rate coefficient, s-1

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Air Pollution Control of

Stationary Sources

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Gaseous Pollutants
Absorption
Control devices based on the principle of
absorption attempt to transfer the pollutant from
a gas phase to a liquid phase
This is a mass transfer process in which the gas
dissolves in the liquid
Example: Spray chambers and towers or columns

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Gaseous Pollutants
Adsorption
This is mass transfer process in which the gas is
bonded to a solid
The gas (adsorbate) penetrates into the pores of
the solid (the adsorbent)- exp: active carbon,
silica gel
Chemical bonding is by reaction with the surface
All the adsorbents are subject to destruction at
high temperature. Exp: 150C for active carbon,
400C for silica gel

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Gaseous Pollutants
Combustion
Suitable when the contaminant in the gas stream
is oxidizable to an inert gas
CO and hydrocarbons
Commercial application: Direct flame incineration
and Catalytic incinerator

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Gaseous Pollutants
Flue Gas Desulfirization (FGD)
Flue gas desulfurization systems fall into 2 broad
categories:
Nonregenerative reagent used to remove sulfur oxides is
discarded
Regenerative reagent used is recovered and reused

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Particulate Pollutants
Cyclones
For particle sizes greater than 10m in diameter
The efficiency of collection of various particle
sizes () can be determined from an empirical
expression and efficiency graph (FIGURE 7-36)

70

Where
d0.5 =
which the
=
B =
H =
p =
Qg =

cut diameter, the particle size for

collection efficiency is 50%
dynamic viscosity of gas, Pa.s
width of entrance, m
height of entrance, m
particle density, kg/m3s
gas flow rate, m3/s

= effectiveness number of turns made in

traversing the cyclone

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Reverse flow cyclone

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Particulate Pollutants
Filters
When high efficiency control of particle smaller
than 5m is required
2 types are in use
The deep bed filter
The bag house

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Mechanically cleaned (shaker) baghouse (a) and pulse-jet-clean

baghouse (b)
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Particulate Pollutants
Liquid Scrubbing
When the particulate matter to be collected is
wet, corrosive or very hot, the fabric filter may
not work
Use liquid scrubbing
Typical scrubbing applications include control of
emission exp: talc dust, phosphoric acid mist

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Venturi scrubber
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Particulate Pollutants
Electrostatic Precipitation (EPS)
High efficiency, dry collection of particles from
hot gas streams can be obtained by electrostatic
The EPS is usually constructed of alternating
plates and wires
A large direct current potential (30 75 kV) is
established between the plates and wires

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Electrostatic precipitator
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