Prepared by:

Road Safety & Planning Unit

Traffic Safety Department
PLUS Expressways Berhad

Factors Contribute To Road Accidents

1.

Human Factors

2.

Road Environment Factors

3.

Vehicle Factors

The Three Contributing Factors To Road Accidents

Human Factors
(95%)

Road Environment
Factors (28%)

(67%)
(24%)

(4%)
(4%)
(4%)
Vehicle Factors (8%)
Source : Austroads

Programs Of Improving Road Safety Along

North South Expressways
1.

Accident Prevention Programs

2.

Road Safety Audit

Highway Operations & Maintenance
Upgrading Works
Safety Campaigns

Accident Reduction Programs

Accident Prone Area (Black spot) Identification

Accident Investigation & Counter Measures

Accident Reduction Programs

Accident Data Collection
Identification & Prioritization
of Accident Prone Areas
Investigation & Site Studies
Analysis & Counter Measures
Evaluation

Accident Data Collection

Identification & Prioritization

of Accident Prone Areas

Location of Accident Prone Areas

In Year 2008

Investigation & Site Studies

Objective
To find the root cause of the occurrence of accident at
the particular location

How to Find Root Cause?

Accident Data Analysis

Collision Diagram
Site Inspection

Accident Data Analysis

Collision Diagram

Collision Diagram

Site Inspection
What To Look For On Site?

Highway Alignment straight, curve etc

Crossfall (camber) and Superelevation
Pavement Conditions
Nos. & Width of Lanes (including emergency lane)
Safety Barriers shoulder & median
Clear Zone
Road Markings
Signages regulatory, warning, directional signs
Lighting Systems
Drainage Systems
Embankment, Verge & Cut Slope
Use Site Inspection Checklist

Additional Information
Additional Information To Be Collected
- Traffic Flow Observation
- Local Information
- Accident Witness / Victim Information

Highway Alignment

Crossfall & Superelevation

Pavement Condition

Pothole

Bleeding

Rutting

Raveling

Pavement Condition

Cracking

New pavement texture

Depression

Polished pavement

Nos. & Width of Lanes

Width of slow lane

Width of
emergency lane

Safety Barriers

Clear Zone

Edge of
pavement

Distance of trees from pavement edge more than 9 m

Clear Zone

Distance of trees from pavement edge less than 9 m

Edge of
pavement

Road Marking Condition

Highway Signages

Lighting System

Drainage System

Slope & Embankment

Highway Shoulder / Verge

Site Inspection Checklist

Site Inspection Checklist

Item to Inspect Based on Type of Accident

Type of Accident : Rear End Collision
Item to Inspect :

Lane balancing
Adequacy of Sight Distance (i.e. vertical & horizontal profile)
If during wet weather, check pavement condition (i.e skid resistance &
depression) & drainage system
If at signalized junction, check the stopping sight distance, timing phasing &
adequacy of signs
Other possible items subject to site condition

Item to Inspect Based on Type of Accident

Type of Accident : Head-On Collision
Item to Inspect :

Width of center median

Type of safety barrier on the median
Strength of safety barrier on the median
Compliance of safety barrier to design specification
Other possible items - subject to site condition

Item to Inspect Based on Type of Accident

Type of Accident : Side-Swipe Collision
Item to Inspect :

Lane balancing eliminate any trap lane situation

If during wet weather, check pavement condition (i.e skid resistance &
depression) & drainage system
If at signalized junction, check the stopping sight distance, timing phasing &
adequacy of signs
Adequacy of auxiliary lanes (acceleration & deceleration lanes)
If approach to intersection / interchange, check adequacy of signages, size &
position of signages (legibility of sign)
Other possible items subject to site condition

Item to Inspect Based on Type of Accident

Type of Accident : Hit Roadside Object
Item to Inspect :

Check the clear zone provided

Remove any object located within clear zone
If cant be relocated, provide protection of it with appropriate barriers
If there is a high accident at night time, check the lighting system
Other possible items subject to site condition

Item to Inspect Based on Type of Accident

Type of Accident : Out of Control
Item to Inspect :

Pavement condition
If at curve, check the adequacy of superelevation, crossfall
Sight Distance (i.e. vertical & horizontal profile)
If during wet weather, check pavement condition (i.e skid resistance &
depression) & drainage system
Verge condition
Adequacy of delineation signs
If there is a high accident at night time, check the adequacy of delineation
features and lighting system (if any)
Check surrounding area, any possibility of wind crossing
Other possible items subject to site condition

Additional Information on Engineering

Aspect to Inspect

Capacity of the highway alignment

Operational speed at the accident location
Weaving length
Merging length
Pavement Condition Assessment result
Design Speed of the alignment

Study Case At Km 257 (Northbound) Section N5

Type of Accident Occurred : Loss Control, Rear End & Hit Guardrails
Finding of Investigation :

Highway Alignment = down hill with -5% gradient & S curve

Crossfall (camber) and Superelevation = sufficient & acceptable
Pavement Conditions = Asphalt at curve with good condition
Nos. & Width of Lanes = 3.6m dual lanes without emergency lane
Safety Barriers shoulder = guardrail & median = concrete NJB
Clear Zone = not applicable
Road Markings = good condition
Signages = insufficient warning sign
Speed Limit = 80 km/hr
Operating Speed = 125 km/hr

Study Case At Km 257 (Northbound) Section N5

Installation of warning signs
to warn the user

Before

After

Installation of flashing lights to

attract user attention on the
tight curve ahead

Before

After

Installation of anti skid material

transverse bars to reduce
operating speed

Before

After

Study Case At Km 257 (Northbound) Section N5

Proposed curve widening as recovery area for errant vehicle and construction of concrete
NJB to prevent errant vehicle from fall to the ravine

THANK YOU