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Measurement
Objectives
Difference
Calculations involving
multiplication & division
When multiplying or dividing quantities,
then the percent (or fractional)
uncertainties are added.
Example:
Molarity of NaOH(aq) = 0.20 M ( 0.05 M)
Percentage uncertainty =
Volume of NaOH(aq) = 25.00 cm3 ( 0.10 cm3)
Percentage uncertainty =
Therefore, the no. of moles of NaOH =
May convert % uncertainty back to absolute uncertainty.
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Example
When the temperature of 0.125kg of
water is increased by 7.20C. Find the
heat required.
Heat required
= mass of water x specific heat capacity x
temperature rise
= 0.125 kg x 4.18 kJ kg-1 0C-1 x 7.20C
=
WS
2.23110 -3
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Digital Instruments
If the balance is accurate to
+/- 0.001g, the measurement is
45.310g
If the balance is accurate to +/- 0.01g,
the
measurement is 45.31g
Uncertainty for digital instrument :
+/- the smallest division
Analogue Instruments
A burette of value 34.1cm3
becomes 34.10cm3 (0.05cm3)
Note: the volume is cited to 2
decimal places so as to be
consistent with the uncertainty.
Uncertainty for analogue instrument:
half of the smallest division.
Higher
levels of uncertainty is
normally indicated by an
instrument manufacturer.
WS:Practice
Random Errors
Arise
Systematic Errors
Arise
of a measuring device.
Measuring the volume of water from
the top of the meniscus rather than
the bottom will lead to volumes
which are too ________.
Overshooting the volume of a liquid
delivered in a titration will lead to
volumes which are too ______ .
Poor insulation in calorimetry
experiments
Minimizing Systematic
Errors
Control
absolute uncertainty
Percentage uncertainty =
100%
measured value
Practice Qn
(a) Density
=
(b) Percentage uncertainty of
(i) Mass
(ii) Volume
(iii) Density
0.05cm
( Burette is accurate to
Initial
Volume
0.05cm3
Final
Volume
0.05cm3
Volume of Acid
0.10cm3
60.00
53.50
6.50
53.50
47.00
6.50
47.00
40.00
7.00
Average :
6.70
0.5cm
( Measuring cylinder is accurate to
)
3
3
3
3
6.70
cm
0.10
cm
10.0cm 0.5cm
of Na2CO3 is titrated with
HCl.
0.3109
=
106 100 1000 1 6.70
5.837
0.3109 0.02 one significant figure
100
Example
A mercury thermometer could
measure the normal boiling
temperature of water as 99.50C
(0.50C) whereas
A data probe recorded it as
98.150C (0.050C) .
Which is more accurate? more
precise?
accuracy
precision
systematic error
random error
accuracy
precision
Graphical Technique
y-axis
: values of dependent
variable
x-axis : values of independent
variables
Plotting Graphs
Give
20.0
60.0
72.0
30.0
63.0
70.0
40.0
64.0
68.0
50.0
67.0
66.0
60.0
68.0
70.0
72.0
Volume (cm3)
64.0
62.0
60.0
58.0
56.0
54.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
temperature (0C)
60.0
70.0
80.0
Graphs
can be useful to us in
predicting values.
Interpolation determining an
unknown value within the limits
of the values already measured.
Extrapolation requires
extending the graph to determine
an unknown value that lies
outside the range of the values
measured.