Ccna 3

CCNA Guide to Cisco
Networking Fundamentals
Chapter 3
TCP/IP
Objectives
Discuss the origins of TCP/IP
Identify and discuss the different layer functions of
TCP/IP
Describe the functions performed by protocols in the
TCP/IP protocol suite, including ICMP, UDP, TCP,
ARP, and RARP
CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals
Objectives (continued)
Use Ping and Trace and describe their functions
Explain how packets are transmitted
Describe the Cisco three-layer hierarchical model
Origins of TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP)
Resulted from a coordinated effort by the U.S.
Department of Defense (DOD)
Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)

Charged with creating a wide area network (WAN)
Results were TCP/IP and ARPANET
DOD funded two projects

The adaptation of TCP/IP to work with UNIX
The inclusion of the TCP/IP protocol with Berkeley UNIX
(BSD UNIX)
Overview of the TCP/IP Protocol Suite

The TCP/IP model explains how the protocol suite
works to provide communications
Four layers: Application, Transport, Internetwork, and
Network Interface
Requests for Comments (RFCs)

Define, describe, and standardize the implementation
and configuration of the TCP/IP protocol suite
Application Layer
Protocols at the TCP/IP Application layer include:
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)
Network File System (NFS)
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
Terminal emulation protocol (telnet)
Remote login application (rlogin)
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
Domain Name System (DNS)
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
Transport Layer
Performs end-to-end packet delivery, reliability, and
flow control
Protocols:
TCP provides reliable, connection-oriented
communications between two hosts
Requires more network overhead
UDP provides connectionless datagram services

between two hosts
Faster but less reliable
Reliability is left to the Application layer
Transport Layer (continued)

Ports
TCP and UDP use port numbers for communications
between hosts
Port numbers are divided into three ranges:
Well Known Ports are those from 1 through 1,023
Registered Ports are those from 1,024 through 49,151
Dynamic/Private Ports are those from 49,152 through
65,535
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TCP three-way handshake
Establishes a reliable connection between two points
TCP transmits three packets before the actual data
transfer occurs
Before two computers can communicate over TCP,
they must synchronize their initial sequence
numbers (ISN)
A reset packet (RST) indicates that a TCP
connection is to be terminated without further
interaction
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TCP sliding windows
Control the flow and efficiency of communication
Also known as windowing
A method of controlling packet flow between hosts
Allows multiple packets to be sent and affirmed with a
single acknowledgment packet
The size of the TCP window determines the number

of acknowledgments sent for a given data transfer
Networks that perform large data transfers should use
large window sizes
15

TCP sliding windows (continued)
Other flow control methods include
Buffering
Congestion avoidance
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Internetwork Layer
Four main protocols function at this layer
Internet Protocol (IP)

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)
ARP
A routed protocol
Maps IP addresses to MAC addresses
ARP tables contain the MAC and IP addresses of other
devices on the network
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Internetwork Layer (continued)

ARP (continued)
When a computer transmits a frame to a destination
on the local network
It checks the ARP cache for an IP to MAC address
mapping for the destination node
ARP request
If a source computer cannot locate an IP to MAC
address mapping in its ARP table
It must obtain the correct mapping
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19

ARP request (continued)
A source computer broadcasts an ARP request to all
hosts on the local segment
Host with the matching IP address responds this
request
ARP request frame

See Figure 3-7
ARP cache life

Source checks its local ARP cache prior to sending
packets on the local network
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ARP cache life (continued)
Important that the mappings are correct
Network devices place a timer on ARP entries
ARP tables reduce network traffic
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)

Similar to ARP
Used primarily by diskless workstations
Which have MAC addresses burned into their network
cards but no IP addresses
Clients IP configuration is stored on a RARP server

22

RARP request frame
See Figure 3-8
RARP client
Once a RARP client receives a RARP reply, it
configures its IP networking components
By copying its IP address configuration information into
its local RAM
ARP and RARP compared

ARP is concerned with obtaining the MAC address of
other clients
RARP obtains the IP address of the local host
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ARP and RARP compared (continued)
The local host maintains the ARP table
A RARP server maintains the RARP table
The local host uses an ARP reply to update its ARP table
and to send frames to the destination
The RARP reply is used to configure the IP protocol on
the local host
Routers and ARP

ARP requests use broadcasts
Routers filter broadcast traffic
Source must forward the frame to the router
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ARP tables
Routers maintain ARP tables to assist in transmitting
frames from one network to another
A router uses ARP just as other hosts use ARP
Routers have multiple network interfaces and
therefore also include the port numbers of their NICs
in the ARP table
The Ping utility

Packet Internet Groper (Ping) utility verifies
connectivity between two points
Uses ICMP echo request/reply messages
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The Trace utility
Uses ICMP echo request/reply messages
Can verify Internetwork layer (OSI-Network layer)
connectivity
Shows the exact path a packet takes from the
source to the destination
Accomplished through the use of the time-to-live
(TTL) counter
Several different malicious network attacks have

also been created using ICMP messages
Example: ICMP flood
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Network Interface Layer

Plays the same role as the Data Link and Physical
layers of the OSI model
The MAC address, network card drivers, and specific
interfaces for the network card function at this level
No specific IP functions exist at this layer
Because the layers focus is on communication with
the network card and other networking hardware
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Understanding Frame Transmission

Each host on a segment evaluates the frame
To determine whether the listed destination MAC address
matches its own or is a broadcast to all hosts
The host makes a copy of the frame and sends the

original along the network path
On the destination host, frames are sent up the TCP/IP
stack
Removing each layer header information
For a packet to be routed on a TCP/IP internetwork

An IP address and MAC address are required for both
the source and destination hosts
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Routers on the Network

A router requires:
An IP address for every network segment to which it is
connected
A separate network interface or port for each network
segment
Computers send frames to destinations that are not

on their segment to the router (default gateway)
The router must determine which subnet should
receive the frame
The router references its routing table
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Routers on the Network (continued)
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Network to Network
Routers maintain routing tables that they use to
route packets from one network to another
When a network uses TCP/IP, each port on a router
requires an IP address
Allows the router to correctly forward the packet to the
appropriate network segment
On a TCP/IP network, the logical addresses on a

certain segment must be matched
If you move a computer from one segment to another,
the IP address will have to be changed
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Network to Network (continued)
36
Dynamic or Static Tables

Routing tables match network addresses with the
addresses of the routers that handle those networks
The tables can be built statically or dynamically
Dynamic updates are provided through routing

protocols
A router capable of dynamic routing can choose from
among the various routes on a network
The router communicates with other dynamic routers
To determine the most efficient route from one point to
another on the network
37
Dynamic or Static Tables (continued)

Methods to determine the best path across a
network
The distance-vector algorithm
The link-state algorithm
38
Transmitting Packets to Remote

Segments
When TCP/IP hosts transmit packets to remote
segments
They contact their default gateway (usually a router)
The router checks its routing tables against the

destination IP address
To locate the appropriate network interface through
which to forward the packet
Router re-addresses the frame or sends the packet

to the next router in the path (indirect routing)
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Routing Packets
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Routing Packets (continued)
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The Cisco Three-Layer Hierarchical

Model
Cisco Three-Layer Hierarchical model
Does not describe how communications take place
Focuses on how best to design a network
Especially a relatively large network or one that is
expected to grow
Each layer of the model is involved in specific

functions
Is typically defined by a particular type of device
The three layers of the model from bottom up are

Access, Distribution, and Core
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Access Layer
The layer closest to the users, where they attach to
the network
Could be a router if the network is very small
But typically a hub or layer 2 switch
Sometimes called the desktop layer because it deals

with connecting workstations to the network
Frames are delivered to the users at this layer
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Distribution Layer
Separates the Access layer from the Core layer
Implements network policies, and provides many
networking services
Such as Network Address Translation (NAT), firewall
protection, and quality of service (QoS)
IP addressing hierarchy is managed at this layer

IP addressing is the process of assigning unique IP
addresses to devices on the network
Typically involves routers and includes all of the router

functions
Provides almost all of the connectivity tasks
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Core Layer
Responsible for switching large amounts of data
quickly and efficiently
To prevent slowing down the switching process:
This layer should not be burdened with security or
traffic control measures or any unnecessary additional
equipment
The primary device at this layer is a high-end layer 3

switch
Essentially the backbone of the network
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Summary
TCP/IP is not limited to transmission control and
Internet protocols
TCP/IP was started by the Defense Advanced
Research Projects Agency (DARPA)
TCP/IP maps to a four-layer network model:
Application, Transport, Internetwork, and Network
Interface
The Application layer in the TCP/IP model covers
the Application, Presentation, and Session layers of
the OSI reference model
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Summary (continued)
The TCP and UDP protocols reside at the
Transport layer of the TCP/IP networking model
Both TCP and UDP use port numbers from 1 to
65,535 to establish their communications between
two points
The Internet Protocol (IP) resides at the
Internetwork layer and provides the logical address
that can be passed through a router
You can use the Ping utility with IP and ICMP to
diagnose and troubleshoot network connections
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Summary (continued)
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) and Reverse
ARP (RARP) reside in the Internetwork layer
The MAC address is the final leg of communication
between hosts
Routing tables can be created manually and
dynamically
Cisco developed the Three-Layer Hierarchical
model to help network administrators design more
efficient networks
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CCNA Guide to Cisco

CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals

CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals

Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)

DOD funded two projects

Overview of the TCP/IP Protocol Suite

Requests for Comments (RFCs)

CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals

CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals

UDP provides connectionless datagram services

Transport Layer (continued)

CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals

CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals

Transport Layer (continued)

CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals

CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals

CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals

Transport Layer (continued)

The size of the TCP window determines the number

Transport Layer (continued)

CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals

Internet Protocol (IP)

Internetwork Layer (continued)

CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals

Internetwork Layer (continued)

CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals

Internetwork Layer (continued)

ARP request frame

ARP cache life

Internetwork Layer (continued)

CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals

Internetwork Layer (continued)

Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)

Clients IP configuration is stored on a RARP server

Internetwork Layer (continued)

ARP and RARP compared

CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals

Internetwork Layer (continued)

Routers and ARP

Internetwork Layer (continued)

The Ping utility

Internetwork Layer (continued)

CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals

Internetwork Layer (continued)

CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals

Internetwork Layer (continued)

Several different malicious network attacks have

Internetwork Layer (continued)

CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals

Network Interface Layer

CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals

Understanding Frame Transmission

The host makes a copy of the frame and sends the

For a packet to be routed on a TCP/IP internetwork

Routers on the Network

Computers send frames to destinations that are not

Routers on the Network (continued)

CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals

On a TCP/IP network, the logical addresses on a

Network to Network (continued)

CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals