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Pressure
Pressure is defined as a normal force
exerted by a fluid per unit area.
Units of pressure are N/m 2, which is called
a pascal (Pa).
Since the unit Pa is too small for pressures
encountered in practice, kilopascal (1 kPa
= 103 Pa) and megapascal (1 MPa = 106
Pa) are commonly used.
Other units include bar, atm, kgf/cm2,
lbf/in2=psi.
ME33 : Fluid Flow
maz 0
P2 x P1x g xz 0
P P2 P1 g z s z
ME33 : Fluid Flow
The Barometer
Atmospheric pressure is
measured by a device called a
barometer; thus, atmospheric
pressure is often referred to as
the barometric pressure.
PC can be taken to be zero
since there is only Hg vapor
above point C, and it is very
low relative to Patm.
Change in atmospheric
pressure due to elevation has
many effects: Cooking, nose
bleeds, engine performance,
aircraft performance.
PC gh Patm
Patm gh
ME33 : Fluid Flow
Pressure at a Point
Pressure at any point in a fluid is the same
in all directions.
Pressure has a magnitude, but not a
specific direction, and thus it is a scalar
quantity.
Pascals Law
Pressure applied to a
confined fluid increases
the pressure throughout
by the same amount.
In picture, pistons are at
same height:
F1 F2
F2 A2
P1 P2
A1 A2
F1 A1
1m
kg
m
Pgage ,2 gz 998 3 9.81
100 ft
2
m
s
3.28 ft
1atm
298.5kPa
2.95atm
101.325
kPa
100 ft
Danger of emergency
ascent?
PV
1 1 PV
2 2
If you hold your breath on ascent, your lung
volume would increase by a factor of 4, which
would result in embolism and/or death.
ME33 : Fluid Flow
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Boyles law
V1 P2 3.95atm
4
V2 P1
1atm
Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics
The Manometer
An elevation change of
z in a fluid at rest
corresponds to P/g.
A device based on this is
called a manometer.
A manometer consists of
a U-tube containing one
or more fluids such as
mercury, water, alcohol,
or oil.
Heavy fluids such as
mercury are used if large
pressure differences are
anticipated.
P1 P2
P2 Patm gh
ME33 : Fluid Flow
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Mutlifluid Manometer
For multi-fluid systems
Pressure change across a fluid
column of height h is P = gh.
Pressure increases downward, and
decreases upward.
Two points at the same elevation in a
continuous fluid are at the same
pressure.
Pressure can be determined by
adding and subtracting gh terms.
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Problem
The manometer fluid in Fig. is mercury. Estimate the volume
flow in the tube if the flowing fluid is (a) gasoline and (b)
nitrogen, at 20C and 1 atm.
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Fluid Statics
Fluid Statics deals with problems associated with
fluids at rest.
In fluid statics, there is no relative motion between
adjacent fluid layers.
Therefore, there is no shear stress in the fluid
trying to deform it.
The only stress in fluid statics is normal stress
Normal stress is due to pressure
Variation of pressure is due only to the weight of the
fluid fluid statics is only relevant in presence of
gravity fields.
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Hoover Dam
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Resultant Force
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Formula deduction
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Center of Pressure
Line of action of resultant force
FR=PCA does not pass through
the centroid of the surface. In
general, it lies underneath
where the pressure is higher.
Vertical location of Center of
Pressure is determined by
equation the moment of the
resultant force to the moment
of the distributed pressure
force.
y p yC
I xx ,C
yc A
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Problem
Gate AB is hinged at point B. The gate is 1.2 m long and 0.8 m into the paper. Compute
the mass of the gate that would not let the oil to escape.
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Problem
A water trough [trf, canal-comedero] of semi-circular cross
section of radius 0.5 m consists of two symmetric parts hinged
to each other at the bottom. The two parts are held together by
a cable and turnbuckles (tensores) placed every 3 m along the
length of the trough. Calculate the tension in each cable when
the trough is filled to the rim.
1m
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Problem
The density of a liquid is to be
determined by an old 1-cm-diameter
cylindrical hydrometer whose division
marks are completely wiped out. The
hydrometer is first dropped in water, and
the water level is marked. The
hydrometer is then dropped into the
other liquid, and it is observed that the
mark for water has risen 0.5 cm above
the liquid-air interface. If the height of the
water mark is 10 cm, determine the
density of the liquid.
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Rigid-Body Motion
There are special cases where a body of fluid can undergo rigidbody motion: linear acceleration, and rotation of a cylindrical
container.
a
,
a
,
g ax
x
y
In Cartesian coordinates(up-directed z): x
y
z
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Linear Acceleration
Particular case: container is moving on a straight path
ax 0, a y az 0
P
P
P
ax ,
0,
g
x
y
z
Total differential of P
dP ax dx gdz
P2 P1 ax x2 x1 g z2 z1
Find the rise by selecting 2 points on free surface P 2 =
P1
zs zs 2 zs1
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ax
x2 x1
g
Problem
A fish tank 16-in by 27-in by 14-in deep is
carried in a car which may experience
acceleration as high as 6 m/s2. (a)
Assuming rigid-body motion, estimate the
maximum water depth to avoid spilling.
(b)Which is the best way to align the tank?
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P
P
P
r 2 ,
0,
g
r
Total differential of P
dP r 2 dr gdz
On an isobar, dP = 0
dzisobar r 2
2 2
zisobar
r C1
dr
g
2g
4g
ME33 : Fluid Flow
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Problem
A 16-cm-diameter open cylinder 27 cm
high is full of water. Find the central rigidbody rotation rate for which (a) one-third of
the water will spill out; and (b) the botton
center of the can will be exposed.
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