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Azin Dastpak

August 2010
Simon Fraser University

Introduction
Definition
Cognitive radio network architecture
Cognitive radio systems
Spectrum sharing in cognitive radio
networks
Game theoretical overview of spectrum
sharing
References

Current wireless networks are regulated by


fixed spectrum assignment policy.

According to Federal Communication


Commission, temporal and geographical
variations in the utilization of the assigned
spectrum ranges from 15% to 85%.

Fixed Spectrum Assignment policy

spectrum white
spaces

Inefficient spectrum utilization

Cognitive radio network is :


A new paradigm that provides the capability to
share or use the spectrum in an opportunistic
manner.

Cognitive radio is a wireless communication


system which is aware of the environment
and its changes and can adapt its
transmission parameters accordingly.
Cognitive Capability: The ability to sense the unused
spectrum at a specific time and location (spectrum hole)
Reconfigurability: The ability to receive and transmit at
different frequency band enables the cognitive radio to
reconfigure its parameters and select the best band.

Primary network
Primary users:

Primary users have the license to operate in certain spectrum bands

Primary base station:

Controls the access of primary users to spectrum

Secondary network
Secondary users:

Secondary users have no licensed bands assigned to them.

Secondary base-station:

A fixed infrastructure component with cognitive radio capabilities and


provides single hop connection to secondary users.

Spectrum broker :

Scheduling server shares the spectrum resources between different


cognitive radio networks.

CR Network Access:

CR Ad Hoc Access:

Primary Network Access :

CRs can access their own base


station on both licensed and unlicensed spectrum bands
CRs can communicate with other
CRs through an ad hoc connection on both licensed and
unlicensed spectrum bands.
CRs can access primary
base station through the licensed bands.

Spectrum sensing:

Cognitive radio user has the ability


to sense the unused spectrum at any time and location.

Spectrum management:

Based on the availability


of the spectrum and other policies, CR user allocates the best
available spectrum band.

Spectrum mobility:

CR user shall vacate the spectrum


in the presence of any primary user and move to next best
available spectrum band

Spectrum sharing: CR network has to provide a fair and


optimal spectrum allocation method among multiple CR users.

Interference

avoidance
QOS awareness
Seamless communication

Requires a cross layer design

Physical layer:
spectrum sensing
data reconfigurable transmission based on
Software Defined Radio (SDR).

Link Layer :
spectrum analysis
spectrum selection(spectrum adjustment)
spectrum coordination.

MAC layer:
Obtaining information on channel occupancy.
Performing negotiation among primary users and
secondary users for spectrum allocation and also among
secondary users for channel sensing and access.
Synchronizing transmission parameters (e.g. channel,
time slot) between transmitter and receiver.
Facilitating spectrum trading functions (e.g. spectrum
bidding and pricing).

Static cognitive radio system:

Secondary user
observes the activity of the primary users in a fixed
spectrum band and access the entire spectrum band if it
senses the opportunity. Can be built on the following
standards:
802.11
802.15
802.3

Dynamic cognitive radio system:

Secondary
users can transmit using different bandwidths by changing
the transmission parameters in the physical layer (based on
OFDM or MC-CDMA).

The first IEEE standard utilizing cognitive radio


(CR) technology to exploit the television white
space.

The focus was on building fixed point-tomultipoint WRAN that utilizes UHF/VHF TV bands
between 54 and 862 MHz.

Leased network
Cognitive mesh network

Emergency network

Military network

Spectrum sensing: The secondary user can only


allocate a spectrum if its not used by an unlicensed
user.

Spectrum allocation: Allocation of a channel not

only depends on spectrum availability but also


depends on internal and external policies.

Spectrum access: Since there are multiple

secondary users trying to access the spectrum, their


access should be coordinated to avoid colliding in
overlapping portions of the spectrum

Transmitter-receiver handshake: After deciding a


portion of the spectrum, the receiver of this communication
should also be indicated.

Spectrum mobility: If the specific portion of the


spectrum is needed by a licensed user, the communication
needs be continued in another vacant portion.

Architecture:
Centralized : The spectrum allocation and process are
controlled by a central entity.
Distributed : Spectrum allocation and access are
based on local or global policies that are performed
by each node distributively.

distributed solutions closely follow the


centralized solutions but they have the extra
cost of message passing between nodes.

Spectrum Allocation behavior:


Cooperative Spectrum sharing : T he effect of the communication
of one node on other nodes in considered.
Closely reach global optimum.
Result in fairness and improved throughput.

Non-cooperative Spectrum Sharing : O nly a single node is


considered.

As the interference in other CRs are not considered this solution may result in
reduced spectrum utilization.

They dont need frequent message passing as in cooperative solutions


Energy consumption

Spectrum access technique:

Overlay spectrum sharing: Portion of the spectrum can be accessed

that has not been used by licensed users.

Underlay spectrum sharing: Transmission of a CR node is regarded

as noise by licensed users.

Scope:
Intra-network Spectrum Sharing: Spectrum

allocation between the entities of a CR network. The


users of a CR network try to access the available
spectrum without causing interference to the
primary users.

Inter-network Spectrum Sharing: This setting


enables multiple systems to be deployed in
overlapping locations and spectrum.

Game theoretical overview of dynamic spectrum sharing

The behavior of the cognitive radios in


dynamic spectrum access networks can be
modeled as a dynamic spectrum sharing
game (DSSG).

Non-cooperative DSSG without centralized


control

The focus is on distributed design and cooperation


simulation.

Cooperative DSSG

users do enforceable spectrum sharing through


centralized authorities. Nash bargaining Solution plays
an important role in cooperative games.

Negotiated or leasing-based dynamic spectrum


sharing

This scenario can be modeled as multiplayer noncooperative game with incomplete information. Auction
theory is applied to formulate and analyze the
interactions.

Local Bargaining
The product of user throughput is considered the
optimization goal of local bargaining

Repeated Spectrum Sharing Game Model

A similar static game is played many times. It


gives the observers the opportunity to make
decision based on past moves. One of the most
important results in repeated game theory is Folk
Theorem.

Auction-Based Spectrum Sharing Game


VCG is usually used to achieve socially optimal
solution
It may not be suitable for spectrum sharing because of
the temperature-constraint, information overhead and
computational burden.
Two other auctions are generally used:
SINR Auction: charging secondary users according to
their received signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio.
Power Auction: charging secondary users based on
their received power

Belief-Assisted Pricing
To achieve efficient pricing distributively in DSSGs
with incomplete information, the belief metrics
are proposed to predict other users future
possible strategies according to the game
histories and assist each users decision making.

The spectrum sharing needs to be efficient and fair


Price of Anarchy

In non-cooperative DSSG without centralized authorities, the


interactions between selfish users may lead to an inefficient
Nash Equilibrium
The price of anarchy is an important measure.

Nash Bargaining Solution in Spectrum Sharing Games

To achieve fair and efficient dynamic spectrum sharing, NBS is


an important optimality analysis.

Dynamic Programming for DSSGs:

In one case the Bellman equation can be applied to represent


each secondary users payoff in the form of summation of two
terms

1. its current pay off based on current spectrum sharing states.


2. its expected future payoff based on the updated spectrum sharing
state.

References

[1] I. Akyildiz, W. Lee, M. Vuran, and S. Mohanty, NeXt generation/dynamic


spectrum access/cognitive radio wireless networks: a survey, Computer
Networks, vol. 50, no. 13, pp. 21272159, 2006.
[2] L. Hu, V. Iversen, and L. Dittmann, Survey of PHY and LINK Layer Functions
of Cognitive Radio Networks for Opportunistic Spectrum Sharing,
Communications and Networking in China, pp. 1024, 2009.
[3] Y. Xiao and F. Hu, Cognitive radio networks. Auerbach Publications, 2008.
[4] I. Akyildiz, W. Lee, M. Vuran, and S. Mohanty, A survey on spectrum
management in cognitive radio networks, IEEECommunications Magazine, vol.
46, no. 4, pp. 4048, 2008.
[5] Y. Yi, J. Zhang, Q. Zhang, T. Jiang, and J. Zhang, Cooperative
Communication-Aware Spectrum Leasing in Cognitive Radio Networks, in 2010
IEEE Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum, 2010, pp. 111.
[6] Z. Ji and K. Liu, Cognitive radios for dynamic spectrum access-dynamic
spectrum sharing: A game theoretical overview, IEEE Communications
Magazine, vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 8894, 2007.
[7] L. Chen, S. Iellamo, M. Coupechoux, P. Godlewski, P. da Vinci, and I. Milan,
An Auction Framework for Spectrum Allocation with Interference Constraint in
Cognitive Radio Networks.

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