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1. Amyloid
Deposition of Amyloid material =
Carbohydrates + Protein + Mucopolysaccharide
Caused due to Antigen- Antibody reactions
Example:
1. Amyloid Degeneration in Tongue = macroglossia
2. Liver & spleen in tuberculosis
Uric acid. 2
Uric acid is a normal end product of protein metabolism (purine
catabolism).
Normal level of 4 mg/100 ml of blood. Excess uric acid is excreted in
urine.
Hyperuricaemia:
3. Cholesterol
Normal cholesterol level in blood is 150-250 mg/100ml
blood.
Controlled with the diet intake and its synthesis in the
liver in one side and its utilization, storage or excretion
through the biliary tree on the other side.
1. Physiological hypercholesterolaemia ex: Familial
2. Pathological hypercholesterolaemia: results from
increased lipid intake, diabetes or obstructive jaundice.
Xanthomas
Atheroma
4. Calcium
. The normal serum level of calcium is 9-11 mg/ 100 ml blood for
ionized and colloidal forms
Calcium metabolism is regulated by
i- Parathyroid: which regulate the calcium and phosphate level.
ii- Kidney: which regulate also the phosphate excretion.
iii- Vitamin D; which regulate the calcium absorption from the
intestine and renal tubules.
v- Bone: which is responsible for the calcium and phosphate
deposition.
The deposition of calcium salts as phosphates or carbonates in
tissues other than bone and teeth is known as pathological
calcification.
5. Immunological deposits
(Rheumatoid arthritis)
is an autoimmune disease that causes chronic
inflammation of the joints.
The Heart
Heart failure
transudate of edema
A- Left-sided heart failure (forward failure):
1- Hypertension
2- Ischaemic coronary diseases
3- Aortic valvular diseases as rheumatic endocarditis
(mitral stenosis) aortic stenosis congenital heart
diseases
pulmonary
vascular
Cells
Developmental defects.
(Congenital)
1. Aplasia
2. Hypoplasia
3. Atrophy:
2. Hypoplasia
failure of organ to achieve adult organ size
3. Atrophy:
A- Physiological atrophy
1- Atrophy of thymus and tonsils after puberty.
2- Atrophy of uterus, ovaries and breast after menopause.
3- Atrophy of gravid uterus after delivery.
4- Senile atrophy affecting old age
B- Pathological atrophy
1Starvation and severe malnutrition.
2lschaemia e.g. in cerebral or heart atrophy.
3Immobilization decreases the muscle work .
4Denervation also decreases muscle work due to paralysis.
5Senile atrophy affecting old age.
6Hypopitutirism.
7Osteoporosis where the bulk of bone tissue is reduced
Cell Adaptations
(acquired abnormalities)
Injuries
Normal cell
Injuries
Injuries
Adaptive changes
(Adaptation)
Reversible changes
(Degeneration)
Irreversible changes
(Necrosis)
Cell Adaptations
1.
2.
3.
4.
Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Physiological
1- Uterus in pregnancy.
2- Muscle in athletes
persons
Pathological
2- Urinary bladder in
renal obstruction
3- Myocardium after
mitral stenosis.
2- Endometrium due to
excessive estrogen
stimulation.
3- Thyroid in primary
4- Wall of arteries or heart thyrotoxicosis.
after hypertension
Metaplasia
Types of metaplasia:
1- Epithelial metaplasia: Results from chronic irritation, inflammation
or prolonged vitamin A deficiency e.g. transformation of simple
squamous epithelium of respiratory tract by squamous metaplasia.
2-Mesenchymal Metaplasia: Occur in connective tissue. Primitive
mesenchymal cells can differentiate into any other form or more
highly differentiated forms e.g. fibroblasts, which transform to
osteoblasts forming bone tissue that occurs in tuberculosis and
goiter.
Neoplasia (Tumors)
Depending on whether or not they can spread by invasion
and metastasis, tumors are classified as being either
benign or malignant.
Neoplasia
Occur in response to
extracellular response.
Persistent
Time
Malignant
(cancer) cells
invade
neighboring
tissues, enter
blood vessels,
and metastasize
to different sites
Diagnosis
Histological examination is still the most valid methods of
diagnosing neoplasia.
i- Biopsy
ii- Needle Biopsy
iii-Peripheral blood studies
iv-Hormone and enzyme studies
v- Exfoliative cytology
Treatment of Cancer
1- Surgery
2- Radiotherapy
3- Chemotherapy