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Training Module/CTR
10-03-2003 - User’s Guide
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Agenda
Introduction
Definitions, Significance of insulation, Why testing?
High voltage testing techniques
Definitions, General requirement, Generation and measurement, Test
procedure, Methods of evaluation, Uncertainty in tests and
measurement
High voltage tests on high voltage products
Test objects and various high voltage tests, General safety and
precautions, Test objects standard requirement, Evaluation of test
results
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High Voltage Testing
Training Module/CTR Techniques
10-03-2003 - User’s Guide
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Topics
Definitions and general standards requirements
Generation of high voltages
Measurement of high voltages
Test procedures
Uncertainty
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Standards
IEC 60060-1 – High-voltage testing techniques
Part 1 – General definitions and test requirements
Describes general definitions and test requirements in high voltage
testing techniques
k 1 = δm
b 273 + t o
where δ =
b o 273 + t
m = is taken from figure
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Correction factors
Humidity correction factor
k2 = kw
h
where k = is dependent on type of test voltage and ratio
δ
w = is based on value of g (refer graph in previous slide)
UB
g =
500 L δ k
where UB is the 50% distruptiv e discharge voltage
(if not available assume 1.1times test voltage)
L is the minimum discharge path in metres
No humidity correction shall be applied for wet
tests
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Correction factors
Conflicting requirments for testing internal and external insulation
Due to laboratory altitude and or extreme climatic conditions, the
correction factor results in withstand level for internal insulation in
excess to discharge voltages of external insulation
In such condition the test object may be immersed in oil or
compressed gas so that there are no discharges in external
insulation during test
Reverse may happen in some cases, where external insulation is to be
tested at significantly higher voltages. In order to assess the external
insulation,
Either the internal insulation is reinforced for test purpose or
The test is made with dummies
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Altitude Correction factors
For installation at an altitude higher than 1 000 m, the insulation level of external insulation is
determined by multiplying the insulation withstand voltages required at the service location by a
factor Ka in accordance with figure (see next slide)
Also see product standard for specific requirements
Ka is also give by following formula;
Ka = e m(H-1000)/8150
where
H is the altitude in metres
m is taken as fixed value in each case for simplification as follows:
m = 1 for power-frequency, lightning impulse and phase-to-phase switching impulse voltages
m = 0,9 for longitudinal switching impulse voltage
m = 0,75 for phase-to-earth switching impulse voltage.
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Altitude Correction factors
For internal insulation, the
dielectric characteristics are
identical at any altitude and
no special precautions need
to be taken. For external and
internal insulation, see IEC
60071-2
For low-voltage auxiliary and
control equipment, no special
precautions need to be taken
if the altitude is lower than
2000 m. For higher altitude,
see IEC 60664-1
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V1 3V2
V1
2V2
V1
V2
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Cascaded transformer
First unit is energized from low voltage primary
In the same unit second unit excitation winding is available with the
same no of turns as the primary of the first unit
Second unit primary is fed from the first unit
The potential of Second unit is fixed by the potential of secondary of
the first unit
Secondary of second stage transformer is connected in series with
secondary of first unit
Some times the second transformer unit is grounded at the half of
the potential to reduce the insulation to half
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Cascaded transformer
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Cascaded transformer
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High voltage resonant circuits
Series resonant circuit
Consists of an inductor in series with a capacitive test object, or a capacitor in
series with an inductive test object
By varying circuit parameters or the supply frequency, the circuit can be tuned to
achieve a voltage considerably greater than that of the source and with a
substantially sinusoidal shape
This circuit is useful when testing objects such as cables, capacitors in which the
leakage currents on the external insulation are very small in comparison with the
capacitive currents through the test object
Unsuitable for testing external insulation under contaminated conditions
Parallel resonant circuit
Consists of a capacitive test object in parallel with a variable inductance and a
high-voltage source
By varying the inductance, the circuit can be tuned, resulting in a considerable
reduction in the current drawn from the high-voltage source
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Equivalent circuit with Capacitive load
Transformers’ simplified equivalent circuit can be modeled as shown in figure.
The output voltage, V0 for the circuit is given by the expression
I Vo/ V I = 1/ {( ω RC)2 + (ω 2LC - 1)2 }0.5
For the light loads C is very less.
As the load increases output voltage R
increases. L
Vo = I * Xc
= V/R * Xc
°
= 1/(ω CR) * V
V C Vo
=QV
Q is the quality factor of the circuit. It is designed with the value of 50 to 70
°
So the output voltage is Q times input voltage applied
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High voltage resonant circuits
Advantages
Low input power requirements
Negligible harmonic distortion
Fault Current is limited in the series
resonant mode preventing damage to the
test sample
Smaller in size compared to similar rating
of conventional transformer
Used for routine and type tests of MV and
HV and general purpose laboratory tests
including wet tests
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High Voltage Impulse Generation
Transient over voltages due to lightning and switching surges causes fast
rising voltage on transmission tower and hence on electrical equipments
To simulate the service transient condition on the equipment for its
withstand strength it is necessary to generate the impulse voltage
On the basis of the front and tail time following classification is made
Lightning impulse generation
Switching impulse generation
Very fast transient generation
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High Voltage Impulse Generation
The impulse is usually generated by an
impulse generator consisting of
a number of capacitors that are charged in
parallel from a direct voltage source and then
discharged in series into a circuit that includes
the test object and the measuring system
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Impulse generator – Block diagram
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Single Stage Marx Circuit
G
Rs
V0 Rp C2
C1 V (t)
Uo – charging voltage
Cs – impulse capacitor
f – sphere gap
Re – discharging resistor
RL – charging resistor
RD – damping resistor
RL>>Re>>RD
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Lightning impulse waveshape
Impulses with front duration up to 20 µ s are defined as lightning
impulses
Standard Lightning Impulse Nomenclature
HV probe
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Sphere gaps
IEC 60052 - Voltage measurement by means of
standard air gaps
A uniform field spark gap will have sparkover
voltage within tolerance under constant
atmospheric conditions
By precise experiments, the breakdown voltage
variation with gap spacing, for different diameters
and distances, can be measured
Two identical metal spheres made of copper,
aluminium or brass is used separated by an air
gap
The potential difference between the spheres is
raised until a spark appears
Standard values of Diameter of spheres are 6.25,
12.5, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, and 200 cm
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Sphere gaps
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Effect of atmosphere
The density of the gas (generally air) and humidity affects the spark-over
voltage for a given gap setting
The spark over voltage for a given gap setting under STP must be
multiplied by the correction factor to obtain the actual spark-over voltage
Spark over voltage at NTP, U = KtU0
The atmospheric correction factors have been described earlier
In the uniform field configuration, sparkover voltage is 30 kVpeak/cm in air at
20 0C and 101.3 kPa pressure
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Sphere gaps – Protection
A series resistance of 100 to 1000 kΩ is connected in series with
sphere gap to
limit the break down current as causes pitting of sphere gap
suppress unwanted oscillation in the source voltage when break down
occurs in the case of impulse voltage
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Factors affecting measurement
Tolerance on size, shape and conditions of spheres and their surfaces
Nearby earthed objects
Humidity
Irradiation and polarity
Dust particle
Rise time of voltage waveforms
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Peak values – disruptive discharge voltages
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Potential transformer
Resistive dividers
Mixed dividers
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Resistive potential divider
Used for the measurement of all kind of high
impulse voltages with steep wave fronts
measurement of front chopped impulses
Used when an additional capacitance in the test
circuit is not permissible
A distributed screen of sections and using an
auxiliary potential divider to give fixed potential to
the screens
These are housed in flexi-glass cylinders
containing a matched set of precision metal film
resistors, alternatively anti inductively wound CrNi
wire wound resistors
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1000 kV divider
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Capacitive potential divider
Advantage
Very good high frequency response for small capacitance and small
dimensional divider
Disadvantage
Pure capacitive dividers are sensitive to input voltage with short rise
time
It forms series resonance circuit with lead inductance in the low voltage
arms
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Mixed divider circuit
Combination of resistor and capacitor are used to
eliminate the effect of distributed stray capacitances.
The distributed capacitors compensate for the current
drawn by stray capacitances
It can be classified into two types
Parallel Resistive-capacitive voltage divider
Damped capacitive voltage dividers
1 MV
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3 MV 3.5 MV
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Parallel Resistive-capacitive voltage divider
To reduce the nonlinear frequency dependant characteristics
resistive divider capacitance is connected in parallel with resistor
This is achieved by selecting equal time constants in both high
voltage and low voltage arms
Advantages
At high frequencies it acts like a capacitive divider and at low frequency
like resistive divider.
Loading effect can be reduced by step by step
compensation
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Damped capacitive voltage dividers
Combination of very low resistors and pure
capacitance are connected in series
This used to reduce the voltage oscillations
and reflections due to traveling wave
It is possible to design more than 6.5 MV
voltage measurements
Disadvantage
Pure capacitive dividers are sensitive to input
voltage with short rise time.
It forms series resonance circuit with lead
inductance in the low voltage arms
Sphere gap X X X
Peak voltmeter X
X
Electrostatic voltmeter X
Voltage transformer X X X
Resistor in series with
X
milliammeter
Resistive divider X X X X X X X
Capacitive divider X X X X X
Mixed divider X X X X X
Oscilloscope/wave
X X X X X X X
analyzer
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Accuracy requirements
Alternating voltage
Total uncertainty of peak or mean value measurement should be < 3 %
Harmonics < 10 %
Direct voltage
Total uncertainty of mean value measurement should be < 3 %
Lesser than 10 % of actual ripple or 1% error of the mean value
whichever is more
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Accuracy requirements
Lightning and switching impulse voltage
Uncertainty of Peak of full impulse or chopped impulse on the tail < 3 %
Impulse chopped on the front when the chopping time Tc , Tc > 2 µ s,
uncertainty should be ± 3 %
when the chopping time Tc, 0.5 µ s ≤ Tc ≤ 2 µ s, uncertainty
should be less than ± 5 %
Time parameter less than ± 10 %
If the frequency of oscillation is less than 0.5 MHz and duration of
overshoot is 1µ s mean curve should be drawn to see the magnitude.
Overshoot is nearer to peak of less than 5 % of peak value
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Procedure B
15 impulses of the specified shape and polarity at the withstand level are applied
to the test object
Test object passes if not more than two disruptive discharge occurs in the self
restoring part of the insulation and no indication of failure in the non-restoring
insulation
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Tests with impulse voltages
Procedure C
3 specified shape and polarity at the withstand voltage level is applied
to the test object
If no disruptive discharge occurs test object passed the test
If more than one disruptive discharge occurs, test object failed the
test
If one disruptive discharge occurs in the self restoring part of the
insulation, then 9 additional impulses are applied. If no discharge
occurs test object has passed the test
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Tests with impulse voltages
Procedure D – Statistical method
For self restoring insulation the 10% impulse disruptive discharge voltage U10 is
evaluated by using statistical test procedures
Direct evaluation of U10 or U50 and indirect evaluation of U10 can be done.
In direct method number of test voltage are applied to find 10% disruptive
discharge voltage
In indirect method
U10 = U50( 1 - 1.3z ) z= 0.03 in general
U50 can be evaluated by
multiple level method
up-and-down method
Test object is passed if U10 is not less than the specified impulse withstand
voltage
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Combined Voltage Tests
Simulate conditions where one terminal of the open switch is
energized at the specified power frequency voltage and the other
terminal may be subject to either a lightning or switching
overvoltage
The test voltages are characterized by their amplitude, waveshape,
polarity, and any time delay between the application of the two
voltages
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Combined Voltage Tests
There is possibility of a disruptive
discharge during the test
suitable protective devices (decoupling
resistors, inductors, capacitors,
orprotective gaps) protect the test
sources
Definition of the applied waveshape is
left to the appropriate product standard
Measuring device is based on the
requirements for the fastest and slowest
waveshapes to be observed
In all cases, voltages are measured as
referred to ground
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Here 0.5 V is the total uncertainty in estimating the voltage value. And
there is 95% confidence that the measurement lies within the range 9.5 to 10.5 V
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