THERMODYNAMIC

S1
INTRODUCTION

Engr Armando C. Emata

November 4, 2014

TOPIC OBJECTIVES
Learn the TIP Mission and Vision
Know the TIP graduate attributes
Know the course objectives
Know the course outcomes
Familiarize with the student

outcomes
Introduction to Thermodynamics

THE TIP MISSION

The Technological Institute of the

Philippines is committed
To bring the blessings of higher education

within the reach of Filipinos

To maintain the highest standard of instruction
and to constantly redefine the meaning of
academic life, and
To transform students into graduates with full
competence in their fields of study and who
also possesses:

THE TIP MISSION contd

Filipino Values
The Filipino values of honesty and integrity, service to
others, the importance of family, frugality, resilience in the
face of adversity , and the willingness to surmount
difficulties in order to succeed and excel.
Industry-desired Values
The industry-desired values of positive work attitude, good
communication skills, proficiency in computers and in the
software that pertain to their fields of study, and the
openness to keep on learning to reinvent themselves.
Global Citizen Values
The global values of respect for cultural diversity, care for
the environment and the desire to contribute to the
general welfare of society.

THE TIP VISION

In the year 2012, the schools 50 th anniversary, TIP

envisions itself
as the leading school in the fields of Engineering and

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and in

all other academic offerings;
as a CHED Centre of Excellence or Centre of
Development in at least three Engineering programs;
as a school steeped in research and community service;
as a school that is managed efficiently with
computerized operations capable of having fast access
to accurate information in order to respond to an everchanging environment to ensure financial viability; and

THE TIP VISION contd

As a school with:
Level III Accredited Status for 75% of its programs
Total Quality Management for all aspects of
operations including ISO Certifications in the
provision of all its academics
the best work environment for its teaching and
non-teaching employees, and
strategic alliances with other schools and industry

TIP GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES

TIP Graduate
Attributes

Institutional Intended
Learning Outcomes (IILO)

Professional
Competence

Demonstrate understanding and

mastery of the fundamental
knowledge and skills required for
effective professional practice in the
field of specialization.

Critical Thinking and

Problem Solving Skills

Exercise critical and creative thinking

in providing solutions to disciplinerelated problems.

Communication Skills

Apply effective communication skills,

both orally and in writing, using the
English language.

Life-long Learning

Utilize lifelong learning skills in

pursuit of personal development and
excellence in professional practice.

TIP GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES contd

TIP Graduate
Attributes

Institutional Intended
Learning Outcomes (IILO)

Social and Ethical

Responsibility

Hold personal values and beliefs as

ethical professional consistent with
Filipino family values, industry-desired
values and global citizen values.

Productivity

Contribute to nation-building and

national development through
application of new technology.

Interpersonal Skills

Work effectively in multi-disciplinary

and multicultural teams.

COURSE OBJECTIVES
Provide knowledge and understanding of

concept of thermodynamics using properties

of substance and Ideal Gas Laws.
Enhance students analytical and critical
thinking in the analysis of thermal system
using thermodynamic laws and principles
Expand knowledge of students on energy
conversion from one form to another

COURSE OUTCOMES
By the end of the course, the students will be

able to:
1. Define the importance of the study of

Thermodynamics as foundation subject in

Mechanical Engineering
2. Discuss basic principles, concepts and definition of
Thermodynamics
3. Apply the principles and formulas of the Laws of
Thermodynamics and Ideal Gases in solving word
problems
4. Analyze the Second Law of Thermodynamics, basic
principles of Gas and Vapour Cycles

COURSE OUTCOMES contd

5. Generalize thermodynamic cycle processes by

using the Laws of Thermodynamics

6. Discriminate the different cycle processes of
Ideal Gases and Vapour
7. Reflect on personal transformation along TIP
graduate attributes

STUDENT OUTCOMES
ADDRESSED BY THE COURSE
Students will be able to:
1. apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and

engineering to solve complex engineering problems

(student outcome a).
2. identify, formulate and solve complex engineering
problems (student outcome b).

TEXTBOOK AND OTHER

SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIALS
Thermodynamics: An Engineering

Approach, 7th Edition

by: Cengel Yunus A. (2011)
Thermodynamics
by: Virgil Moring Faires & Clifford Max Simang
Thermodynamics 1
by: Hipolito B. Sta. Maria
Lecture Book in Thermodynamics 1, c.
2006
by: Francisco, J.

WHAT IS THERMODYNAMICS?
Thermodynamics is that branch of physical

sciences that treats of various phenomena of

energy and the related properties of matter,
especially of the laws of transformation of heat
into other forms of energy and vice versa.
Examples of these everyday transformations:
1. Process of converting heat into work
2. Converting electricity into heat
3. Converting work into kinetic energy
4. Etc.

WHAT IS THERMODYNAMICS?
Thermodynamics is that branch of physical

sciences that treats of various phenomena of

energy and the related properties of matter,
especially of the laws of transformation of heat
into other forms of energy and vice versa.
Examples of these everyday transformations:
1. Process of converting heat into work
2. Converting electricity into heat
3. Converting work into kinetic energy
4. Etc.

WORKING SUBSTANCE
Heat engines producing power involve a

working substance. A working substance is

a fluid in which energy can be stored and
from which energy can be removed.
A fluid is a liquid, gas, or vapour matter
that offers little resistance to deformation.
Examples of working substances:
o Steam in steam turbine
o Air in air compressor

WORKING SUBSTANCE
o Air-and-fuel mixture in an internal combustion

engine
o Water in a hydraulic turbine
o Electrons in an electron engine

As the word substance is used hereafter, we

shall mean something that usually is made up

of molecules; sometimes atoms may be
involved (in reactive systems).

THE SYSTEM
A system is that portion of the universe, an

atom, a galaxy, a certain quantity of matter, or a

certain volume in space, that one wishes to
study.
It is enclosed by specified boundaries, which
may be imaginary, either fixed or moving.
The region all about the system is called the
surroundings or environment. The surroundings
contain systems, some of which may affect the
particular system under study, such as a source
of heat.

THE SYSTEM
The free body in analytical mechanics is a

system in which the mode of analysis is based

on Newtons laws of motion.
The two kinds of systems are:
o A closed system is one in which there is no

exchange of matter with the surroundings

mass does not cross its boundaries.
o An open system is one across whose
boundaries there is a flow of mass.

PURE SUSBTANCE
A pure substance is a single substance that retains

an unvarying molecular structure or it is a solution of

homogeneous substances in fixed proportions, each
of which retains an unvarying molecular structure.
Examples of pure substances are:
o Pure oxygen
o Dry air in the gaseous state largely a solution of

oxygen and nitrogen with fixed percentages of each

component
o A system of ice (slid water), water, (liquid), and water
vapour may be considered to be a pure substance
since the molecular in all parts is the same.

PURE SUSBTANCE
Examples of systems that are not pure substances are:
o A mixture of oil and water they will not go into solution
o Liquefied dry air in contact with its vapour because since

the condensing temperatures (boiling points) of oxygen

and nitrogen are different, the relative percentages of
oxygen and nitrogen in the liquid and in the vapour are
different and will change with the percentages of liquid
and gas.
o Also, a system that includes any chemical process, such
as combustion, would not be a pure substance during the
process because the molecular structures before and after
the process are different.

PHASES
A pure substance may exist in any of three phases

in a mixture of phases such as:

1. solid phase
2. liquid phase, and
3. vapour or gaseous phase

Melting or fusion change of phase from solid to

liquid
Freezing or solidifying change of phase in the
opposite direction (from liquid to solid).
Vaporization change of phase from liquid to
gaseous phase.

PHASES
Sublimation change of phase from solid directly to

gaseous phase.
Moreover, many substances that ordinarily pass
through the three phases during heating of the solid
phase may sublimate under certain conditions.
Examples:
A piece of ice exposed to the atmosphere at temperatures
below 32F will sublimate and, if given time, will pass
entirely into the atmosphere as water vapour (steam).
In its solid state at 1 atm pressure, solid carbon dioxide
(dry ice) sublimates while it receives heat and does
refrigeration.

PROPERTIES AND STATE

Properties are descriptive characteristics that

aid in the computation of changes that have

occurred in a system or working substance that
express the behaviour of the system.
Samples of macroscopic properties are pressure
p, temperature T, density , and specific volume
.
The classifications of properties are:
o Intensive properties independent of mass.

Examples: temperature, pressure, density and

voltage.

PROPERTIES AND STATE

o Extensive properties dependent upon the

mass of the system and are total values.

Examples: total volume, total internal energy

Specific properties are those for a unit mass;

these, as specific volume and specific internal

energy, are intensive by definition.
Thus, thinking generally, we note, as
examples, that volume is an extensive
property and that temperature and pressure
are inherently intensive.

PROPERTIES AND STATE

When we speak of state of a substance, we are

assuming that the intensive properties are uniform

throughout the system, this state is defined by
particular values of any independent properties.
All other thermodynamic properties of the
substance have certain particular values
whenever a certain mass of the substance have
certain particular values whenever a certain mass
of the substance is in this particluar macroscopic
state.

PROPERTIES AND STATE

Examples of thermodynamic properties,

besides p, and T, are: internal energy,

enthalpy, and entropy.
Other properties of systems in general
include: velocity, acceleration, moment of
inertia, electric charge, conductivity (thermal
and electrical), electromotive force (emf),
stress, viscosity, reflectivity, number of
protons, etc.