Younes

Sina

Chapter 7

Impulse and Linear Momentum

Linear Momentum
Linear Momentum is defined as the product of
mass and linear velocity.
Pushing an object to the right, results in a
reaction to the left.
A rifle (attached to a cart) fired to the left
makes the rifle move to
the right as shown:

As the bullet leaves the rifle at velocity V b to the left, the

rifle and the cart move to the right at velocity V r .

MbVb = Mr Vr
Momentum to the left = Momentum
to the right
Example :
A solid ball of mass M1= 0.15 kg is rolling to the right at
speed V1= 4.0 m/s and
another ball of mass M2=0.35 kg is rolling to the left at
V2= 6.0m/s.
Find
(a) the momentum of each ball
(b) the net momentum.

Solution:
(a) M1V1= (0.15 kg)(+4.0 m/s)
=+ 0.60 kg m/s
M2V2= (0.35 kg)(-6.0 m/s) =-2.1
kg m/s
(b)MV=M1V1+M2V2=-1.5 kg
m/s
The net momentum is to the left

:
all of mass 0.120 kg is served by a pitcher horizontally
7 m/s and it returns to the right at 63 m/s after gettin
.Calculate the change in its momentum.

Solution:
(MV) = MVf- MVi
(MV) = M ( Vf-Vi)
=0.120kg[ (+ 63 m /s)-(-17 m /s)] = + 9.6 kg m/s

Impulse:
Impulse ( I ) is the product of force and a
time interval (Ft).
For example, if a grocery cart is pushed with
a constant force of 44N to the left for 25
seconds, the impulse of the pusher on the
cart is
I = Ft
I =(-44N)(25s)= -1100 Ns
Note that Impulse and momentum have same
units. The unit of momentum MVis (kg m/s).
So isthe unit of impulse:(Ns)=(kg m/s2)
(s)=kg m/s

Equivalence of Impulse and Linear

Momentum
Ft=(MV)
Ft =MVf-MVi
Impulse = Change in Momentum

Proof:Newton's 2ndlaw(for a single force):

F= Ma
a=v/t
F= Mv/t
Multiplying both side byt:
Ft =Mv
Ft =M (vf- vi)
Ft =Mvf-Mvi

Example :A stationary train car of mass 12,000kg

gets hit by another
car moving to the right and is pushed with an
average force of 4500N
for a period of 4.2s. Find the final velocity of the
stationary car.

Solution:
Using theequivalence of Impulse and linear
momentum:
Ft =M (vf- vi)
(+4500N)(4.2s) = (12,000kg)(vf-0)
v = +1.6 m/s ( to the right )

Momentum Change
Momentum Change = Impulse
(mv) =
Ft
mv =
Ft
(mv) = Change in momentum =
final - initial

Example: Wall exerts a force of

10,000 N.

= 0 - mv

The contact time is 0.01 s

-----------------------------Impulse = F t = 100 Ns

= - mv
Ignoring negative sign: (mv) = mv

Example :
A 0.150-kg base ball is thrown horizontally to the
left by a pitcher.
Its velocity just before getting hit by the bat is 15
m/s to the left and after the strike becomes 45
m/s to the right. Find
(a) the change in velocityv
(b) the change in momentum Mv
(c) the impulse of the bat on the ball
(d) the average force of the bat on the ball if the
contact time is 0.020s.

(a)v=vf- vi= ( + 45 m/s ) -(-15 m/s )

=+ 60m/s
(The change in velocity, not the change
in speed)
(b)Mv=(0.150 kg)( + 60.m/s) =+
9.0kg m/s
(c) According to the equivalence of
impulse and linear momentum: Ft =
9.0kg m/s
(d)Ft = + 9.0kg m/s
F(0.020s)= + 9.0kg m/s
F = + 450N

Conservation of Linear Momentum

The total momentum before collision is :

velocitiesbeforecollision).
The total momentum after collision is:
velocitiesaftercollision).

M1V1+ M2V2
M1u1+ M2u2

M1u1+M2u2 = M1V1+ M2V2

(V1andV2are
(u1andu2are

M1u1+M2u2 = M1V1 +M2V2

Total momentum after collision = Total

momentum before collision

A 1.00-kg toy car moving to the right at 1.40 m/s is hit from be
g piece of dough thrown horizontally also to the right at 3.60 m/s
e car and dough combination move faster. Calculate the speed o
combo, knowing that the dough sticks to car.

Solution:
Total momentum after collision =Total momentum
before collision
McVc+ MdVd = ( Mc+ Md)Vcd

(1.00 kg)(1.40 m/s) + (0.500 kg)(3.6 m/s) = (1.00

+ 0.500) kg (Vcd)
Vcd= 2.13 m/s
0.5
kg

1
kg

Example :
A 4.50-kg rifle is fixed on a 1.50-kg cart so that its barrel
points horizontally
to the right. The cart can roll with negligible friction and
is initially at rest.
The rifle is fired with a remote control device and shoots a
45.0 gram bullet to the right.As a result the rifle itself
moves to theleftat 2.50 m/s.
Calculate the bullet exit speed.

Solution: Total momentumafter collision must be equal to

the total momentumbefore collision.
Since before firing (or collision), both the bullet and rifle
are at rest,total momentum before firing is zero.According
to the law of conservation of linear momentum, the total
momentum after firing must also be equal to zeroas well:
(MbVb+ MrVr)before firing = (MbVb+ MrVr)after firing
(Note thatMris not just the mass of rifle, itis the mass of
rifle and cart).
(0.045kg)( 0 )+ (4.50kg + 1.50kg)(0)=(0.045kg)(Vb)+
(4.50kg + 1.50kg)(-2.50 m/s)
0+0=(0.045kg)(Vb)-5.0 kg m/s
15.0 kg m/s= 0.045 Vb
Vb= + 333 m/s [(+) means to the right]

Problems 1, 3, 5,