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STRENGTH OF
MATERIALS
BY
CHAPTER 1
JJ31
0
FORCES ON
MATERIALS
This topics will analyses the effect of
forces on materials, HOOKEs LAWS,
Shear stress and Shear and Shear strain
Objective
s
Explain the effect of forces on materials
Differentiate between tensional , compression and shear forces
Define stress, strain and YOUNGS MODULUS
OUTLINE
Forces on materials
LOADINGS
Dynamics
Statics
Impact
Fatigue and Alternating loads
STRESS, STRAIN
Tensile
compressive
Type of forces
Tensional
compression
shear
Modulus of Elasticity
Where
TYPE OF FORCES
Tensile
Compression
Shear
Tensile is a force
that tends to stretch
a material.
Compressive
is
a
force that tends to
squeeze or crush a
material.
Example?
Example?
Example?
Problem 1
Figure (a) represents a crane and Figure
(b) a transmission joint. State the types
of forces acting, labeled A to F.
1 Pa =
1N/m2
Tensile stress
Compressive stress
Example 1
Figure 1. Shows a steel block with cross
area of 15000mm2 subjected to loading
shown. Determine the normal stress
M=500
KG
= 327000
Example 2
Figure 2 shows a steel cable used to lift
a mass of 600kg. The cable cross
section area is A = 2000mm2
i.
ii.
Tensile strain
Compressive strain
Example 3
A bar 1.60 m long contracts axially by 0.1
Strain; = = ==
Percentage strain;
Example 4
A wire of length 2.50 m has a
percentage strain of 0.012% when
loaded with a tensile force. Determine
the extension of the wire.
Modulus of elasticity
ratio of stress (force per unit area) along
an axis to strain (ratio of deformation over
initial length) along that axis
is ameasure of stiffnessof an elastic
material.
It is used to describe the elastic properties
of objects like wires, rods or columns when
stretched or compressed.
Modulus of elasticity
Sign
HOOKES LAW
Law of elasticity founded by Robert
Hooke
State that
the extension of a material is
proportional to applied force.
Where ;
K ; is a
constant
X ; distance
HOOKES LAW
Factor of safety
Ratio of maximum stress that a
structure or material can with stand to
the maximum stress estimated for it.
HOOKES LAW
Working stress @ allowable stress
Maximum Stress value within the elastic
region that must not exceed
@
HOOKES LAW
Ductility
Brittleness
Malleability
Stress-Strain
Diagram
Ultimate tensile Test
BRITTL DUCTIL
E
E
POISSONS
DEFINITION ;
RATIO
where
Example 5
A bar made of A-36 steel has the dimension of shown in figure
below. If an axial force of P = 80kN is applied to the bar,
determine the change in its length and the change in the
dimension of its cross section after applying the load. The
material behave elastically.
Given;
= 200GPa
Modulus of Rigidity
Definition
The ratio between sheer stress and shear
strain
Value can be obtained experimentally
from the slope of STRESS STRAIN
diagram.
denoted by symbol G, unit Pa.
Formula given
SINGLE SHEAR
DOUBLE SHEAR