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Internal Flow:

Heat Transfer Correlations


Chapter 8
Sections 8.4 through 8.8

Fully Developed Flow

Fully Developed Flow

Laminar Flow in a Circular Tube:


The local Nusselt number is a constant throughout the fully developed
region, but its value depends on the surface thermal condition.
Uniform Surface Heat Flux (qs ) :
NuD hD 4.36
k
Uniform Surface Temperature (Ts ):
NuD hD 3.66
k
Turbulent Flow in a Circular Tube:
For a smooth surface and fully turbulent conditions Re D 10,000 , the
Dittus Boelter equation may be used as a first approximation:
n 0.3 Ts Tm
NuD 0.023Re 4D/ 5 Pr n
n 0.4 Ts Tm
The effects of wall roughness and transitional flow conditions Re D 3000
may be considered by using the Gnielinski correlation:
f / 8 Re D 1000 Pr
NuD
1/ 2
1 12.7 f / 8 Pr 2 / 3 1

Fully Developed (cont.)

Smooth surface:
2
f 0.790 1n Re D 1.64
Surface of roughness e 0 :
f Figure 8.3
Noncircular Tubes:
Use of hydraulic diameter as characteristic length:
4A
Dh c
P
Since the local convection coefficient varies around the periphery of a tube,
approaching zero at its corners, correlations for the fully developed region
are associated with convection coefficients averaged over the periphery
of the tube.
Laminar Flow:
The local Nusselt number is a constant whose value (Table 8.1) depends on
the surface thermal condition Ts or qs and the duct aspect ratio.
Turbulent Flow:
As a first approximation, the Dittus-Boelter or Gnielinski correlation may be used
with the hydraulic diameter, irrespective of the surface thermal condition.

Entry Region

Effect of the Entry Region

The manner in which the Nusselt decays from inlet to fully developed conditions
for laminar flow depends on the nature of thermal and velocity boundary layer
development in the entry region, as well as the surface thermal condition.

Laminar flow in a
circular tube.

Combined Entry Length:


Thermal and velocity boundary layers develop concurrently from uniform
profiles at the inlet.

Entry Region (cont)

Thermal Entry Length:


Velocity profile is fully developed at the inlet, and boundary layer development
in the entry region is restricted to thermal effects. Such a condition may also
be assumed to be a good approximation for a uniform inlet velocity profile if
Pr 1. Why?
Average Nusselt Number for Laminar Flow in a Circular Tube with Uniform
Surface Temperature:
Combined Entry Length:
Re D Pr/ L / D

1/ 3

/ s

0.14

2:

Re D Pr

L/D

1/ 3

Nu D 1.86
Re D Pr/ L / D

1/ 3

/ s

Nu D 3.66
Thermal Entry Length:
Nu D 3.66

0.14

0.14

2:

0.0668 D / L Re D Pr

1 0.04 D / L Re D Pr

2/3

Entry Region (cont)

Average Nusselt Number for Turbulent Flow in a Circular Tube :


Effects of entry and surface thermal conditions are less pronounced for
turbulent flow and can be neglected.
For long tubes L / D 60 :
Nu D Nu D , fd
For short tubes L / D 60 :
Nu D 1
C
NuD , fd
L / D m
C 1
m 2/3
Noncircular Tubes:
Laminar Flow:
Nu Dh depends strongly on aspect ratio, as well as entry region and surface
thermal conditions. See references 11 and 12.

Entry Region (cont)

Turbulent Flow:
As a first approximation, correlations for a circular tube may be used
with D replaced by Dh .
When determining Nu D for any tube geometry or flow condition, all
properties are to be evaluated at
T m Tm ,i Tm , o / 2
Why do solutions to internal flow problems often require iteration?

Annulus

The Concentric Tube Annulus


Fluid flow through
region formed by
concentric tubes.

Convection heat transfer


may be from or to inner
surface of outer tube and
outer surface of inner tube.

Surface thermal conditions may be characterized by


uniform temperature Ts ,i , Ts , o or uniform heat flux qi, qo .
Convection coefficients are associated with each surface, where
qi hi Ts ,i Tm
qo ho Ts ,o Tm

Annulus (cont)

Nui

hi Dh
k

Nuo

ho Dh
k

Dh Do Di
Fully Developed Laminar Flow
Nusselt numbers depend on Di / Do and surface thermal conditions (Tables 8.2, 8.3)
Fully Developed Turbulent Flow
Correlations for a circular tube may be used with D replaced by Dh .

Problem: Solar Collector

Problem 8.30: Determine the effect of flow rate on outlet temperature


and heat rate for water flow through the tube of a
flat-plate solar collector.

m 0.01 kg / s

Problem: Solar Collector (cont)

Tm,o Ts 0.194 Ts Tm,i 70oC 8.7oC 61.3oC

Problem: Solar Collector (cont)

70

67

69.8

65

Outlet temperature, Tmo(C)

Outlet temperature, Tmo(C)

66

64
63
62

69.6

69.4

69.2

61
69

60
0.005

0.006

0.007

0.008

0.009

0.01

0.01

0.011

0.02

0.04

0.05

0.04

0.05

Mass flowrate, mdot(kg/s)

Mass flowrate, mdot(kg/s)


1700

0.03

Turbulent flow (ReD>2300)

Laminar flow (ReD < 2300)

9500

1600
1500

7500
Heat rate, q(W)

Heat rate, q(W)

1400
1300
1200
1100

5500

3500

1000
900

1500

800
0.005

0.006

0.007

0.008

0.009

Mass flowrate, mdot(kg/s)


Laminar flow (ReD < 2300)

0.01

0.011

0.01

0.02

0.03
Mass flowrate, mdot(kg/s)

Turbulent flow (ReD>2300)

Problem: Solar Collector (cont)

Problem: Oven Exhaust Gases

Problem 8.54: Determine effect of ambient air temperature and wind


velocity on temperature at which oven gases are discharged
from a stack.

Problem: Oven Exhaust Gases (cont)

Problem: Oven Exhaust Gases (cont)

1
1

h i h o

U 1

Nu D

hi D
0.023Re 4 / 5 Pr 0.3
Di
k

58.4 103 W m K
4/5
hi
0.023 33,827
0.712 0.3 10.2 W m 2 K
0.5 m

Problem: Oven Exhaust Gases (cont)

Problem: Oven Exhaust Gases (cont)

Gas outlet temperature, Tmo(C)

560

550

540

530

520
2

Freestream velocity, V(m/s)


Tinf = 35 C
Tinf = 5 C
Tinf = -25C

10

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