EET 1131 Unit 8

Code Converters, Multiplexers, and

Demultiplexers

Read Kleitz, Chapter 8, skipping

Sections 8-2 and 8-4.

Homework #8 and Lab #8 due in a

week and a half.

Quiz when Homework #8 is due.

Types of Chips

Here are the kinds of chips well study in the

coming weeks:

Comparators
Decoders
Encoders
Code converters
Multiplexers
Demultiplexers
Flip-flops
Counters
Shift registers
Multivibrators

Chapter 8

Chapter 10
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14

Types of Chips (Continued)

For each type of chip listed on previous slide,

you should understand:
1.

2.
3.

What that type of chip does, and why its

useful.
How you could build such a circuit out of gates.
Specific details of actual chips in each
category.

Comparators
The function of a comparator is to compare the magnitudes of two
binary numbers to determine the relationship between them. In the
simplest form, a comparator can test for equality using XNOR gates.

Example
Solution

How could you test two 4-bit numbers for equality?

AND the outputs of four XNOR gates.
A1
B1
A2
B2
A3
B3
A4
B4

Output

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Comparators
IC comparators provide outputs to indicate which of the input
numbers is larger or if they are equal. Cascading inputs are provided
to expand the comparator to larger numbers.

A0
A1
A2
A3
Cascading
inputs
B0
B1
B2
B3

COMP
A

3
A>B A>B
A=B A=B
A<B A<B
0
B
3

Outputs

The IC shown is the

4-bit 7485.

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Comparators
IC comparators can be expanded using the cascading inputs as
shown. The lowest order comparator has a HIGH on the A = B input.
LSBs

A0
A1
A2
A3
+5.0 V
B0
B1
B2
B3

MSBs
0

COMP
A

3
A>B A>B
A=B A=B
A<B A<B
0
B
3

A4
A5
A6
A7

B4
B5
B6
B7

COMP
A

3
A>B A>B
A=B A=B
A<B A<B
0
B

Outputs

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Comparator Chip

7485 Four-bit magnitude comparator

Enable Pins

Many of the chips well study have enable

inputs. Depending on the logic level at this
pin, the chip is either enabled or disabled.
When the chip is enabled, it performs its
intended function and the outputs behave as
you would expect.
When the chip is disabled, then (usually) all
outputs are forced to their inactive state,
regardless of the other inputs to the chip.
Common names for enable pins include EN,
G (for gate), and CS (for chip select).

Active-High versus Active-Low Pins

Each input pin and output pin on a chip is

either active-high or active-low.
In a logic symbol:

Active-low pins are marked with a bubble or

triangle.
Active-high pins have no bubble or triangle.

Active-high pins: the pin is active when

theres a HIGH on that pin.
Many chips have active-low pins: the pin is
active when theres a LOW on that pin.

Example: 74154 Decoder

From Floyd, p. 306

From Texas Instrument datasheet

Decoders, Encoders, & Code Converters

Decoders convert a binary code into

a single active output representing the
codes value.
Encoders generate a coded output
from a single active input line.
Code converters take one input code
(such as BCD) and convert it to
another code (such as binary).

Decoders
A decoder is a logic circuit that detects the presence of a specific
combination of bits at its input. Two simple decoders that detect the
presence of the binary code 0011 are shown. The first has an active
HIGH output; the second has an active LOW output.
A0
A1

A0
X

A1

A2

A2

A3

A3

Active HIGH decoder for 0011

Active LOW decoder for 0011

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Decoders

Question

Assume the output of the decoder shown is a

logic 1. What are the inputs to the decoder?
A0=0
A1=1
1
A2=0
A3=1

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Decoders
IC decoders have multiple outputs to decode any
combination of inputs. For example the hex decoder
shown here has 16 outputs one for each combination of
binary inputs.
Bin/Dec

Question

For the input shown,

what is the output?
4bitbinary
input

1
1
0
1

A0
A1
A2
A3

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1

Decimal
outputs

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Decoders

X/Y

A specific integrated circuit

decoder is the 74154, a 4-to-16
decoder. It includes two active
LOW chip select lines which must
be at the active level to enable the
outputs. These lines can be used to
expand the decoder to larger inputs.

A0
A1
A2
A3

CS1
CS2

1
2
4
8

&

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

EN
74154

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Octal Decoder

3 data input pins for input code.

8 output pins.
Also called 1-of-8 decoder or
3-line-to-8-line decoder.
May have other inputs and outputs
too, such as enable inputs.
Example chip: 74138

Hex Decoder

4 data input pins for input code.

16 output pins.
Also called 1-of-16 decoder or
4-line-to-16-line decoder.
May have other inputs and outputs
too, such as enable inputs.
Example chip: 74154

BCD Decoder

4 data input pins for input code.

10 output pins.
Also called 1-of-10 decoder or
4-line-to-10-line decoder.
May have other inputs and outputs
too, such as enable inputs.
Example chip: 74LS42

Encoders
An encoder accepts an active logic level on one of its
inputs and converts it to a coded output, such as BCD or
binary.
The basic logic diagram is shown.
This encoder has an input for each
decimal digit, and four outputs that
represent the binary code for the
active input digit.
There is no zero input because the
outputs are all LOW when the input
is zero.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

A0
A1
A2
A3

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Encoders

Example
Solution

Show how the BCD encoder converts the decimal

number 3 into a BCD 0011.
The top two OR gates have ones as indicated with
the red lines. Thus the output is 0011.
1 0

2 0
1
3

4
5
6
7
8
9

0
0
0
0

A0
A1
A2
A3

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Encoders
The 74147 is an example of an IC encoder. It is has ten
active-LOW inputs and converts the active input to an
V
active-LOW BCD output.
CC

(16)

This device offers additional

flexibility in that it is a priority
encoder. This means that if more
than one input is active, the one
with the highest order decimal
digit will be active.

(11)
(12)
(13)
(1)

Decimal
input

(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(10)

HPRI/BCD

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

74HC147

The next slide shows an application

1
2
4
8

(9)
(7)
(6)
(14)

BCD
output

(8)

GND

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VCC

Encoders
Keyboard
encoder

R7

R8

R9

HPRI/BCD
R4

R5

R1

R2

R0

R6

R3

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

1
2
4
8

BCD complement of
key press

74HC147

The zero line is not needed by the

encoder, but may be used by other
circuits to detect a key press.
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BCD Encoder

10 input pins.
4 output pins for output code.
Also called 10-line-to-4-line
encoder.
May have other inputs and outputs
too, such as enable inputs.
Example chip: 74147

Octal Encoder

8 input pins.
3 output pins for output code.
Also called 8-line-to-3-line encoder.
May have other inputs and outputs
too, such as enable inputs.
Example chip: 74148

Different Numeric Codes

Several different codes exist for using

1s and 0s to represent positive
integers.
Standard binary code
Example:

Binary-coded decimal (BCD)

Example:

In standard binary, 15 is 1111.

In BCD, 15 is 0001 0101.

Gray code
Example:

In Gray code, 15 is 1000.

Four-Bit Gray Code

The key feature

of Gray code is
that only one bit
changes when
we increase a
number by one.

This is not true

of standard
binary.

Why is Gray Code Useful?

Gray code is used for rotary encoders

that sense the angular position of a
shaft or axle.

From Wikipedia article on rotary encoders:

Standard 3-bit binary code: no good!

3-bit Gray code: better!

Code Converters

If a digital system needs to handle

numbers using two different codes, it
needs circuitry to convert between the
two codes.
Examples of code converters:
74184

BCD-to-binary and binary-to-BCD c

onverter
Binary-to-Gray code or Gray-code-tobinary converters (see next slide)

Gray Code/Binary Converters

Figure 8-40. Binary-to-Gray-code converter

Figure 8-41. Gray-code-to-binary converter

Multiplexers
A multiplexer (MUX) selects one data line from two or
more input lines and routes data from the selected line to
the output. The particular data line that is selected is
determined by the select inputs.
Two select lines are shown
here to choose any of the
four data inputs.

Question
Which data line is selected
if S1S0 = 10?D2

Select
inputs

S0
S1

D0
Data D1
inputs D2
D3

0
1

MUX
0
1
0
1
2
3

Data
output

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Some Multiplexer Chips

74150
74151
74153
74157

(16-input MUX)
(8-input MUX)
(dual 4-input MUX)
(quad 2-input MUX)

Demultiplexers
A demultiplexer (DEMUX) performs the opposite function
from a MUX. It switches data from one input line to two or
more data lines depending on the select inputs.
The 74LS138 was introduced
previously as a decoder but can also
serve as a DEMUX. When
connected as a DEMUX, data is
applied to one of the enable inputs,
and routed to the selected output
line depending on the select
variables. Note that the outputs are
active-LOW as illustrated in the
following example

DEMUX

Data
select
lines

A0
A1
A2

Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

Enable
inputs

G1
G2A
G2B

Data
outputs

4
5

74LS138

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Demultiplexers

Example
Solution

Determine the outputs, given the

inputs shown.

The output logic is opposite to the input

because of the active-LOW convention. (Red
shows the selected line).
DEMUX

Data
select
lines

A0
A1
A2

Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

Enable
inputs

G1
G2A
G2B

4
5

74LS138

Data
outputs

A0
A1
A2
G1
G2A LOW
G2B LOW
Y0
Y1
Y2
Y3
Y4
Y5
Y6
Y7

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Some Demultiplexer Chips

74138 (3-line to 8-line Decoder/DEMUX)

74154 (4-line to 16-line Decoder/DEMUX)
74139 (dual 2-line to 4-line Decoder/DEMUX)