Sunteți pe pagina 1din 35

Definition: A process of joining two metal pieces by heating to a fluid

slate (melting), with or without filler material or pressure.


History of Welding:
5500 B.C. Egyptians recognize forge welding for copper and gold.
800 A.D. Damascus Sword-Layers of metal forge welded to high strength.
1877 A.D. Elihu Thompson, Electric resistance welding possibility
recognized.
1889 A.D. P. Strohmeyer introduced the concept of coated electrodes
(Shielded Arc Weld), (SMAW).
1903 A.D. Fouche & Picard introduced oxyacetylene cutting and welding
techniques.
1932 A.D. Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW).
1990 A.D. Welding Automation (Robotics).
W-1

1 Shielded Metal Arc Weld (SMAW):


Most popular welding technique (stick welding).
The electrode coating performs the following:
A Produce gaseous shield to exclude oxygen.
B Introduce deoxider material to improve grain.
C Produce a blanket of slag to retard cooling and prevent
oxidation.
The SMAW process is
designated by AWS as
E6OXX or E7OXX
e.g. (E 6013)
W-2

2 Submerged Arc Weld (SAW):


In this process the automatically fed arc (spool) is protected
by a blanket of granular material called flux.
This flux material acts to improve weld quality and to protect it from
the air. Most (SAW) processes are used in welding
shops and not at site. (SAW) is designated by AWS as:
(FXXX-EXXX)

Submerged arc welding (SAW)

W-3

3 Gas Metal Arc Weld (GMAW):


The electrode is fed constantly through a spool, and the
protection is provided constantly by some gas mixture.
Initially, inert gases were used such as Argon, hence called MIG
process. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is a popular gas with this process.
Recently, mixture of Argon, Helium and CO2 are used for better
weld characteristics.

W-4

4 Flux Arc Weld (FCAW):


Developed in 1958, very similar to (GMAW), but the filler
material is a tabular rod on a spool that contains the flux
material inside it. The internal flux assumed similar role for
the shield on the SMAW process.
Weld base metal
(steel)
1mm

5. Electrodes Welding
6. Electro slag Welding
7. Stud Welding.

(EGW).
(ESW).

Inner flux

W-5

A Butt Joints:
Requires full penetration groove welding, but it
eliminates eccentricity and more pleasant to view.
Suitable for shop welding.

B Lap Joints:
Is the most common, due to ease of fitting, requires
fillet weld, and can be double-sided.

C Tee Joints:
Useful for fabricating
Built-up sections

D Corner Joints:E Edge joints:-

W-6

A) Groove Welds :
Is used to weld members aligned in the same plane.
The weld should have the same strength of the base material
(or even greater).

(a) Groove weld.

B) Fillet Welds :
More popular as they require
no special alignment of pieces, nor
edge preparation.
(b) Fillet weld.

W-7

C) Slot Weld :
They can be used in
addition to fillet welds when more
areas of weld are required.
D) Plug Weld :
Same as above

W-8

W-9

W-10

Aw = te Lw

{AISC J 2.1.1a. Page 16.1-93}

where:
Aw = Effective area of weld.
te = Effective throat thickness.
Lw = Length of weld.
t1

t2

te = t

te = t1
For partial joint penetration groove welds,
see (table J 2.1 Page 16.1 -44)
For minimum size of partial penetration groove welds,
see (table J 2.3 page 16.1-95).
W-11

Fillet welds are assumed to have a cross section of 45 right triangle, as


shown. The size of the weld is the leg of the triangle, Denoted as ( w). The failure
plane (the weakest section) is along the throat of the weld, denoted as
(t); Where (t = 0.707 w). The length of the weld (L)
is the length of the shear plane along the weld.
Effective Area of Fillet Welds:
Aw = te Lw
where,
Aw = Effective area of weld.
te = Effective throat thickness = 0.707 w
Lw = Effective Length of weld.
W-12

1 Minimum Size of Fillets Welds :

2 Maximum Size of Fillets Welds :

W-13

3 Minimum Effective Length of Fillet Welds :

W-14

Select a suitable fillet weld size for the connection shown below:
Solution :Maximum weld size
For thick plate:
t

1 1 1
7
in.
16 2 16 16

Minimum weld size for


the 1 thick plate

5
in.
16

Select a weld size in - between

3
in.
8

Note : Maximum weld size controlled by thin plate,


Minimum weld size controlled by thick plate.

W-15

W-16

1 Strength of Groove welds :


The strength of full penetration groove weld is superior
to that of the base metal, if matching filler is selected
(Page W-15).
The Nominal strength of weld per one inch length (Rnw)
is based on yielding of base metal rather than on weld
material:
Rnw = te Fy

(Tension or Compression)

Rnw = te (0.6 Fy)

(Shear)

where : te = effective thickness of weld.


Fy = yield stress of base metal.

W-17

2 Strength of Fillet Welds :


The strength of fillet welds are always controlled by shear on the
weld plane or shear on the base metal.
Thus:
Rnw = te (0.6 FEXX) weld metal.
or
Rnw = t (0.6 Fu) base metal.
where:
Rnw = Resistance (strength) of weld per one inch length.
te = Effective throat thickness of weld.
t

= Thickness of the base metal.

FEXX = Ultimate tensile strength of electrode.


Fu

= Ultimate tensile strength of metal.

W-18

In general :
Rn i Qi
For Welds :
Rnw Ru
where : Ru factored load per unit length of weld.

1 Groove Welds (Full penetration):


A Tension or compression (Table J2.5)
R nw 0.90 t e Fy

base material

R nw 0.90 t e Fyw weld material

B Shear on Effective Area (Table J 2.5)


Rnw 0.90 t e y
0.90 t e (0.6 Fy )

base material

Rnw 0.90 t e (0.6 FEXX ) weld material

W-19

2 Fillet Welds
The design strength per unit length of fillet weld is based on the
shear resistance through the effective throat of the weld (Table J2.5):R nw 0.75 t e (0.6 FEXX )

weld material

0.45 t e FEXX

but should not be greater than the shear capacity of the base metal:

R nw 0.75 t (0.6 Fu )
0.45 t Fu

base material

(J4.2)

where:
te

= Effective throat thickness.

FEXX = Tensile strength of electrode.


t
Fu

= Thickness of the base metal.


= Tensile strength of metal

W-20

Example W-2:
Calculate the capacity of the connection shown below, considering
E70XX weld and (A-36) bare metal?
Solution:1) Check weld size :Minimum weld size = 1/8 in (Table J.2.4)
Maximum weld size = - 1/16 = 3/16 in
size is ok.

3
te 0.707w 0.707 x
0.133 in.
16

2) Capacity of weld :-

R nw 0.75 t e (0.6 FEXX )


0.75 x 0.133 x 0.6 x 70
4.2 kips/in.

(controls)

W-21

3)

Capacity of base metal :-

R nw 0.75 t (0.6 Fu )
1
x 0.6 x 58
4
6.5 kips/in.
0.75 x

4) Capacity of Connection:-

Rn

Rnw x L
4.2 x 8
33.4 kips/in.
W-22

Example W-3:
Select a plate thickness and design a full penetration weld
(A 572 Grade 50 steel) SAW process?
DL = 12k

Solution:
1)

Pu = 1.2 12 + 1.6 60 = 110 kips.

2)

Determine required thickness of plate:

Pu

6"
LL = 60k

Tn = 0.9 Fy Ag = 0.9 50 6 t = 270 t (controls)


or

Tn = 0.75 Fu Ae = 0.75 65 6 t =292.5 t

3)

110
7

0.41in say
inch thick .
270
16

Select electrode from matching table F7XX-EXXX (F EXX = 70 ksi)


t required

No check required for groove welds.

W-23

Example W-4:
Design the size and length of Fillet weld for the lap joint shown below,
Use SMAW E 70XX process, plates are A-36 steel ?

Solution:
Factored load = 1.2 x 25 + 1.6 x 70 = 142 kips.
Minimum weld size = inch (AISC table J 2.4)
Maximum weld size = 5/8 1/16 = 9/16 (AISC 2 2b Page 95).
Select size (5/16 inch) since you can get it in a single pass.
te = 0.707 x 5/16 = 0.22 inch

W-24

continued:
Weld capacity per inch = Rnw = 0.75 te (0.6 FEXX)

1)

= 0.75 x 0.22 x 0.6 x 70


`
2)

= 6.96 kips per inch (controls)


Plate shear-rupture

= Rnw = t (0.6Fu)
= 0.75 x 0.625 x 0.6 x 58
= 16.3 kips per inch

3)

Total length of weld required:

Pu
142
Lw

20.4inches
Rnw 6.90
Use weld around plate as shown.
(Use three sides of 7 inch each = 21 inch).
W-25

Angles are eccentric in carrying axial loads as their center of gravity


x, or y are denoted by their properties. But we can balance the weld
To comply with the angle center of gravity (CG).
M A 0

T y F1 d F2 d2 0
T y F2
F1

d
2

Since (F2) is known (Leg length x weld capacity),


Then (F1) is found, also:
F3 = T F1 F2

W-26

Example W-5
Design a balanced weld for angle
shown below, (A 572-Gr 50 steel)
and SMAW process specified
Solution:
1) Section capacity:
Tn = 0.90 Fy Ay = 0.9 x 50 x 3.61 = 162 kips
or

Tn = 0.75 Fu Ae = 0.75 x 65 x 0.85 x 3.61 = 150 kips (controls).

2) Steel weld size:


Minimum weld size = 3/16 inch (Table J2.4)
3
5
1

inch.
Maximum weld size = 8 16
16
Use inch fillet weld with E 70XX electrodes.
te = 0.707 x = 0.177 inch.

W-27

contd.
3) Evaluate weld capacity:
Rnw = te (0.6 FEXX) = 0.75 x 0.177 x 0.6 x 70
= 5.57 kips per inch. (controls)
or
Rnw = t (0.6 Fu) = 0.75 x 0.375 x 0.6 x 65
= 11 kips per inch.
4) Determine weld length required:
F2 = Rnw Lw
= 5.57 x 6 = 33.4 kips

150 1.94 33.4 3

31.8 kips.
6
6
F3 T F1 F2 150 33.4 31.8 84.8 kips.

F1

31.8
5.7 inch.
5.57
84.8

15.2 inch.
5.57

L w1
L w3

W-28

Eccentric shear welded connection are popular for column


brackets supporting gantry crane loadings or mezzanine floors. The
connection below produces (shear + torsion) on the weld. The
LRFD method for (shear + torsion) is both difficult and lengthy, A
more conservative elastic vector analysis method is allowed by
AISC:

W-29

The
eccentric
load
is
transferred to the centroid of the weld
group. The transferred load shall
~ ~ ~
consist of a load P
plus
Px Py
a moment (Mz = Pe), where:

Py
1 inch

e = eccentrity.
The actual weld thickness
resisting shear and torsion forces is
(0.707w), but for simplicity, we
consider effective throat
thickness = 1.0 inch.
From direct shear only (due to P):-

M=Pe
Px

P
L
P
x
L
Py

f1
f1x
f1y

W-30

The transferred moment (M) causes additional shear stresses


depending on the critical locations of the weld (far edges of the weld).

M .d
f2
J

where:
M = moment due to eccentricity = (P.e)
d = distance to the farthest weld point .
J = Polar moment of inertia.
where:

J r 2 dA
A

x 2 y 2 dA
A

x 2 dA y 2 dA
A

I xx I yy

This can be vector analyzed to:

My
f 2x
J
Mx
f 2y
J

W-31

Once these four stress components are evaluated for an


extreme point of the weld. They can be added vectorially:

f x f1 x f 2 x
f y f1 y f 2 y
fv ( f x )2 ( f y )2
Then the strength of 1 inch wide weld is evaluated as:
Fv = 0.707 w x 1 x (0.6 FEXX)

fv
required w
0.707 (0.6 FEXX )
W-32

Example W-6
Determine the size of the weld required
for the bracket shown. A-36 steel is
used, SMAW process?
Solution:
2x8x4
2.286 inch
12 8 8
M P.e 60 x (10 5.714) 942.8 k in.
x

1 x(12)3
Ixx
8x(6)2 8x(6)2
12
144 288 288 720 in 4
1x(8)3
2
Iyy (1x12)(2.286) 2
1 8 (1.714) 195.0 in4
12

J Ixx Iyy 720 195 915 in4 .

W-33

Example (W-6) - Continued


f 1x 0
f 1y

(no horizontal forces).

60
60

2.143 ksi
1x(8 8 12) 28

By inspection points (A $ B) are more critical than points (B & C);


Take point (A):
M y 942.8 6
(f 2x )A

6.181 ksi
J
915
M x 942.8 5.714
(f 2y )A

5.886 ksi
J
915

f v (f 2x )A2 (f 1y f 2y )A2
(6.181)2 (2.143 5.886)2
10.131 ksi

W-34

Example (W-6) - Continued

w req.
Select

w req

fv

0.707 1 0.6 FEXX


E70XX as given by matching table.

10.131

0.455 inch
0.75 0.707 1 0.6 70

Use inch weld size


Since

9
1 1
maximum weld size

/ 2 inch
16 16
3
minimum weld size inch (t f 1.9 / 16 inch)
8

W-35

S-ar putea să vă placă și