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ENGINEERING
WHAT IS A SYSTEM?
System from the Greek word systema,
meaning organized whole
a regularly interacting or interdependent
group of items forming a unified whole
a composite of equipment, skills, and
techniques capable of performing and/or
supporting an operational role.
a construct or collection of different
elements that together produce results not
obtainable by the element alone
Elements of a system
1. Components are the operating parts of
a system consisting of input, process, and
output.
2. Attributes are the properties or
discernable manifestations of the
components of the system.
3. Relationships are the links between
components and attributes.
Relationship orders:
First order: functionally necessary
symbiosis
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
A SYSTEM
1.a system constitutes a complex
combination of resources in the form
of human beings, materials,
equipments, software, facilities, data,
money
2.a system is contained within some
form of hierarchy
3.a system maybe broken down into
subsystems and related components
4.a system must have a purpose
CLASIFICATION OF SYSTEMS
1. Natural and Human-made systems
CLASSIFICATION OF SYSTEMS
1. Natural Systems those that came into
being through natural processes. They
exhibit a high degree of order and
2.equilibrium.
Human-made Systems those in
which human beings have intervened
through components, attributes, or
relationships.
3. Physical Systems those that manifest
themselves in physical form and
composed of real components; these
consumes a physical space.
CLASSIFICATION OF SYSTEMS
4. Conceptual Systems symbols
represent the attribute of components;
e.g., ideas, plans, concepts, and
hypothesis. These are organization of
ideas.
The totality of elements encompassed by
all components, attributes, and
relationships focused on a given result
employ a process in the guiding state of
a system. A process may be:
a. Mental (thinking, planning, learning)
b. Mental-Motor (writing, drawing,
testing)
c. Mechanical (operating, functioning,
CLASSIFICATION OF SYSTEMS
5. Static System one having structure
without activity (e.g. bridge)
6. Dynamic System combines structural
components with activity (e.g. school)
7. Closed System one that does not interact
significantly with its environment and exhibits
the characteristic of equilibrium resulting from
internal rigidity that maintains the system in
influences
from the
environment.
8. spite
OpenofSystem
allows
information,
energy, and
matter to cross its boundaries. It interacts with
the environment and exhibits the characteristics
of steady state that made them self-regulatory
and self-adaptive (plants, ecological system,
CLASSIFICATION OF SYSTEMS
Both closed and open system exhibits the
property of entropy.
Entropy defined as the degree of
disorganization
CHALLENGES OF AN EXISTING
SYSTEM
1.constantly changing requirements
2.more emphasis on systems
3.increasing system complexities
4.extended system life-cycles shorter
technology life cycles
5.greater utilization of commercial off- theshelf products
6.increasing globalization
7.greater international competition
8.more outsourcing
9.eroding industrial base
10.higher overall life-cycle costs
WHAT IS SYSTEMS
ENGINEERING?
Operations
Performance
Tests
Manufacturing
Cost & Schedule
Training & Supports
WHAT IS SYSTEMS
ENGINEERING?
Systems Engineering
integrates
all of the disciplines and specialty
groups into a team effort forming
a structured development process
that proceeds from concept to
production to operation.
SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AS A
MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY
Systems
engineering
management technology.
is
SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AS A
MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY
Management
involves
the
interaction of the organization with
the environment. A purpose
of
management
is
to
enable
organizations to better cope with
their environments so
as to achieve purposeful goals and
objectives.
CHARACTERISTICS OF AN
ENGINEERED SYSTEM
CHARACTERISTICS OF AN
ENGINEERED SYSTEM
CHARACTERISTICS OF AN
ENGINEERED SYSTEM
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN CRITERIA
CONSIDERATIONS
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
CONSIDERATIONS
DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN CRITERIA MUST BE
BASED ON:
1. Design considerations the full range of
attributes and characteristics that could be
exhibited by an engineered system, product,
or structure. (figure 2.6)
2. Design-dependent parameters (DDPs)
attributes and/or characteristics inherent in
the design to be predicted or estimated (ex.
Weight, design life, reliability, producibility,
maintainability, and pollutability)
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
CONSIDERATIONS
DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN CRITERIA MUST BE
BASED ON:
3. Design-independent parameters (DIPs)
factors internal to the design that must be
estimated and forecasted for use in design
evaluation (ex. Fuel cost/dollar, interest rate,
labor rates, and material cost/dollar)
4. Technical performance measures (TPMs)
predicted and/or estimated values for designdependent parameters. They include values
for higher level (derived) considerations (ex.
Availability cost, flexibility, and
supportability)
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
CONSIDERATIONS
DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN CRITERIA MUST BE
BASED ON:
5. Design criteria customer specified or
negotiated target values for technical
performance measures.
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
CONSIDERATIONS
CONSIDERING MULTIPLE CRITERIA
MOE MEASURES OF EFFECTIVENESS
1. System size and weight
2. Range and accuracy
3. Speed of performance
4. Capacity
5. Operational availability
6. Reliability
7. Maintainability
8. Supportability
9. cost
Block 1. customer
Block 2. functional terms
Block 3. design team supported by
traditional and computer-based tools
for design synthesis (block 4)
Block 4. traditional and computer-based
tools
Block 5. top down and bottom up
activities
Block 6. design dependent parameter
(DDP) values (TPM) and the forecasting
of design independent (DIP) values
from information found in physical and
economic databases (block 7)
Block 7. physical and economic
databases
IMPLEMENTING SYSTEMS
ENGINEERING
APPLICATION DOMAINS FOR SYSTEMS
ENGINEERING
1.Large scale systems with many
components, such as a space-based
system, an urban transportation system, or
a hydroelectric power-generating system.
2.Small sclae systems with relatively few
components such as a local area
communications system, a computer
system, a hydraulic system, or a
mechanical braking system.
IMPLEMENTING SYSTEMS
ENGINEERING
IMPLEMENTING SYSTEMS
ENGINEERING
APPLICATION DOMAINS FOR SYSTEMS
ENGINEERING
5.Systems where the design is based largely
on the use of existing COTS equipment,
commercial software, or existing facilities.
6.Systems that are highly equipment,
software, facilities or data intensive.
IMPLEMENTING SYSTEMS
ENGINEERING
APPLICATION DOMAINS FOR SYSTEMS
ENGINEERING
7.Systems where there are several suppliers
involved in the design and development
process at the national and possibly
international level.
8.Systems being designed and developed for
use in the defense, civilian, commercial, or
private sectors separately or jointly.