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SYSTEMS

ENGINEERING

WHAT IS A SYSTEM?
System from the Greek word systema,
meaning organized whole
a regularly interacting or interdependent
group of items forming a unified whole
a composite of equipment, skills, and
techniques capable of performing and/or
supporting an operational role.
a construct or collection of different
elements that together produce results not
obtainable by the element alone

Elements of a system
1. Components are the operating parts of
a system consisting of input, process, and
output.
2. Attributes are the properties or
discernable manifestations of the
components of the system.
3. Relationships are the links between
components and attributes.

PROPERTIES OF THE SET OF


COMPONENTS
1. The properties and behavior of each
component of the set has an effect on the
properties and behavior of the whole set.
2. The properties and behavior of each
component of the set depends on the
properties and behavior of at least one
other component in the set.
3. Each possible subsets of components has
the two properties listed previously; the
components cannot be divided into
independent subsets.

The purposeful action performed by


a system is its FUNCTION.
- a common system function is that of
altering material, energy, or
information.
- this alteration embraces input,
and
process
output,
Systems
that
alter material, energy,
or information are composed of
a. structural components static
parts
b. operating components parts that
perform the processing
c. flow components - the material,
energy, or information being altered

Structural, operating, and flow


components have various attributes
that affect their influence on the
system.
ex. attributes of electrical system
may be described in terms of
inductance, capacitance,
impedance, and so on.
A system, condition, situation, or
state is set forth to describe a set
of components, attributes, and
relations

RELATIONAL VIEW (AS OPPOSED


TO SYSTEM VIEW )

Relations exist between component pairs


(though many pairs may share relations)
Relation is formed from the imminent
qualities of the components (e.g. their
essential characteristics) System is in
physical, temporal and spatial
arrangement of components
Relations imply direct interactions .
Systems are defined by the common
reference to the entire set of components

RELATIONAL VIEW (AS OPPOSED


TO SYSTEM VIEW )

Relationship orders:
First order: functionally necessary
symbiosis

Second Order: Synergistic (relationship


adds to the system performance)

Redundancy replication for purpose of


system continuation

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
A SYSTEM
1.a system constitutes a complex
combination of resources in the form
of human beings, materials,
equipments, software, facilities, data,
money
2.a system is contained within some
form of hierarchy
3.a system maybe broken down into
subsystems and related components
4.a system must have a purpose

System and Subsystem


The definition of the system is not complete
without consideration for its position in the
hierarchy of systems.
Every system is made up of components,
and any component can be broken down
into smaller components.
If two hierarchical levels are involved in a
given system, the lower is conveniently
called a subsystem.

System and Subsystem


Example:
SYSTEM: Air Transportation
SUBSYSTEM: Aircraft, terminal, ground
support equipment, and controls
COMPONENTS: Equipment items, people,
and information

System and Subsystem


It is important to define the system under
consideration by specifying its limits,
boundaries, or scope.
Environment
everything that remains
outside the boundaries of the system. No
system is completely isolated from its
environment.
Material, energy, and/or information must
open pass through the boundaries as input
to the system.
Throughput - that which enters the
system in one form and leaves the system
in another form.

System and Subsystem


Total System consists of all components,
attributes, and relationships needed to
accomplish an objective.
Constraints limits the operation and
define the boundary within which it is
intended to operate.

CLASIFICATION OF SYSTEMS
1. Natural and Human-made systems

2. Physical and Conceptual systems

3. Static and Dynamic systems

4. Closed and Open systems

CLASSIFICATION OF SYSTEMS
1. Natural Systems those that came into
being through natural processes. They
exhibit a high degree of order and
2.equilibrium.
Human-made Systems those in
which human beings have intervened
through components, attributes, or
relationships.
3. Physical Systems those that manifest
themselves in physical form and
composed of real components; these
consumes a physical space.

CLASSIFICATION OF SYSTEMS
4. Conceptual Systems symbols
represent the attribute of components;
e.g., ideas, plans, concepts, and
hypothesis. These are organization of
ideas.
The totality of elements encompassed by
all components, attributes, and
relationships focused on a given result
employ a process in the guiding state of
a system. A process may be:
a. Mental (thinking, planning, learning)
b. Mental-Motor (writing, drawing,
testing)
c. Mechanical (operating, functioning,

CLASSIFICATION OF SYSTEMS
5. Static System one having structure
without activity (e.g. bridge)
6. Dynamic System combines structural
components with activity (e.g. school)
7. Closed System one that does not interact
significantly with its environment and exhibits
the characteristic of equilibrium resulting from
internal rigidity that maintains the system in
influences
from the
environment.
8. spite
OpenofSystem
allows
information,
energy, and
matter to cross its boundaries. It interacts with
the environment and exhibits the characteristics
of steady state that made them self-regulatory
and self-adaptive (plants, ecological system,

CLASSIFICATION OF SYSTEMS
Both closed and open system exhibits the
property of entropy.
Entropy defined as the degree of
disorganization

CHALLENGES OF AN EXISTING
SYSTEM
1.constantly changing requirements
2.more emphasis on systems
3.increasing system complexities
4.extended system life-cycles shorter
technology life cycles
5.greater utilization of commercial off- theshelf products
6.increasing globalization
7.greater international competition
8.more outsourcing
9.eroding industrial base
10.higher overall life-cycle costs

WHAT IS SYSTEMS
ENGINEERING?

Systems Engineering is an interdisciplinary


approach and means to enable the realization of
successful systems.
It focuses on defining customer needs and
required functionality early in the development
cycle, documenting requirements, then
proceeding with design synthesis and system
validation while considering the complete
problem:

Operations
Performance
Tests
Manufacturing
Cost & Schedule
Training & Supports

WHAT IS SYSTEMS
ENGINEERING?
Systems Engineering

integrates
all of the disciplines and specialty
groups into a team effort forming
a structured development process
that proceeds from concept to
production to operation.

Systems Engineering considers


both
the
business
and
the
technical needs of all customers
with the goal of providing a
quality product that meets the
user needs

SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AS A
MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY
Systems
engineering
management technology.

is

Technology is the organization,


application,
and delivery of scientific and other
forms of knowledge for the
betterment of a client group. This
is
a
functional
definition
of
technology as a fundamentally
human activity. A technology
inherently involves a purposeful

SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AS A
MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY
Management
involves
the
interaction of the organization with
the environment. A purpose
of
management
is
to
enable
organizations to better cope with
their environments so
as to achieve purposeful goals and
objectives.

System Engineering process shall:


1.Transform approved operational needs
and
requirements into an integrated system
design solution through concurrent
consideration of all life-cycle needs
(development, manufacturing, test and
evaluation, deployment, operations,
support, training, and disposal)
2.Ensure the operability and integration of
all operational, functional, and physical
interfaces. Ensure that system definition
and design reflect the requirements for
all system elements (hardware,

SYSTEM LIFE CYCLE ENGINEERING


A.THE PRODUCT AND THE SYSTEM LIFE
CYCLE

SYSTEM LIFE CYCLE ENGINEERING


A.THE PRODUCT AND THE SYSTEM LIFE
CYCLE

THE ENGINEERED SYSTEM

CHARACTERISTICS OF AN
ENGINEERED SYSTEM

1.Engineered system have a functional


purpose in response to an identified
need and have the ability to achieve
some stated operational objective.
2.Engineered systems are brought into
being and operate over a life cycle,
beginning with a need and ending with
phase out and disposal.

CHARACTERISTICS OF AN
ENGINEERED SYSTEM

3.Engineered systems are composed of


a combination of resources, such as
humans, information, software,
materials, equipment, facilities and
money.
4.Engineered systems are composed of
subsystems and related components
that interact with each other to
produce the system response or
behavior.

CHARACTERISTICS OF AN
ENGINEERED SYSTEM

5.Engineered system are part of


hierarchy and are influenced by
external factors from larger systems
of which they are part.
6.Engineered systems are embedded
into the natural world and interact
with it in desirable as well as
undesorable ways.

ENGINEERING THE SYSTEM AND


THE PRODUCT

Engineering the system and the product


requires an interdisciplinary approach
embracing both the product and
associated capabilities for production
or construction, product and
production system maintenance, and
the phase out and disposal.

The cost effectiveness of the


engineered system and the product
can be enhanced by placing emphasis
on the following:
1. Improving methods for defining
product and system requirements as
they relate to true customer needs.
This should be done early in the design
phase, along with determination of
performance, effectiveness, and the
essential system characteristics.

The cost effectiveness of the


engineered system and the product
can be enhanced by placing emphasis
on the following:
2. Addressing the total system with all
of its elements from a life-cycle
perspective, and from the product or
prime equipment to its elements of
support. This means defining the
system in functional terms before
identifying hardware, software, people,
facilities, information, or combination
thereof.

The cost effectiveness of the


engineered system and the product
can be enhanced by placing emphasis
on the following:
3. Considering the overall system
hierarchy and interactions between
various levels in the hierarchy. This
includes intra-relationships among
system elements and
interrelationships between higher and
lower levels within the system.

The cost effectiveness of the


engineered system and the product
can be enhanced by placing emphasis
on the following:
4. Organizing and integrating the
necessary engineering and related
disciplines into the main systemengineering effort in a timely
concurrent manner.

The cost effectiveness of the


engineered system and the product
can be enhanced by placing emphasis
on the following:
5. Establishing a disciplined approach
with appropriate review, evaluation,
and feedback provisions to insure
orderly and efficient progress from the
initial identification of need through
phase-out and disposal.

SYSTEM LIFE CYCLE ENGINEERING


CONCURRENT LIFE CYCLE

B.DESIGNING FOR THE LIFE CYCLE


It should:
1.Transform a need into a product/system
configuration
2.Ensure the designs compatibility with
related physical and functional
requirements
3.Consider operational outcomes
expressed as:
a. producibility
e. supportability
b. reliability
f. serviceability
c. maintainability
g. disposability
d. usability

Technological activities and


interactions within the system lifecycle process.

SYSTEM ENGINEERING PROCESS


LIFE CYCLE PROCESS PHASES AND STEPS

SYSTEM ENGINEERING PROCESS


OTHER SYSTEMS ENGINEERING PROCESS MODELS

SYSTEM ENGINEERING PROCESS


OTHER SYSTEMS ENGINEERING PROCESS MODELS

SYSTEM DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

SYSTEM ENGINEERING
DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN CRITERIA
CONSIDERATIONS

SYSTEM ENGINEERING
CONSIDERATIONS
DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN CRITERIA MUST BE
BASED ON:
1. Design considerations the full range of
attributes and characteristics that could be
exhibited by an engineered system, product,
or structure. (figure 2.6)
2. Design-dependent parameters (DDPs)
attributes and/or characteristics inherent in
the design to be predicted or estimated (ex.
Weight, design life, reliability, producibility,
maintainability, and pollutability)

SYSTEM ENGINEERING
CONSIDERATIONS
DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN CRITERIA MUST BE
BASED ON:
3. Design-independent parameters (DIPs)
factors internal to the design that must be
estimated and forecasted for use in design
evaluation (ex. Fuel cost/dollar, interest rate,
labor rates, and material cost/dollar)
4. Technical performance measures (TPMs)
predicted and/or estimated values for designdependent parameters. They include values
for higher level (derived) considerations (ex.
Availability cost, flexibility, and
supportability)

SYSTEM ENGINEERING
CONSIDERATIONS
DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN CRITERIA MUST BE
BASED ON:
5. Design criteria customer specified or
negotiated target values for technical
performance measures.

SYSTEM ENGINEERING
CONSIDERATIONS
CONSIDERING MULTIPLE CRITERIA
MOE MEASURES OF EFFECTIVENESS
1. System size and weight
2. Range and accuracy
3. Speed of performance
4. Capacity
5. Operational availability
6. Reliability
7. Maintainability
8. Supportability
9. cost

CONSIDERING MULTIPLE CRITERIA

SYSTEM SYNTHESIS, ANALYSIS AND


EVALUATION

Synthesis. Customer requirement for


the project is synthesized. It is the
creative process of putting known
things together into new and more
useful combinations
Analysis. It involves the functions of
estimation and prediction of design
dependent parameter (DDP) values
(TPMs) and the forecasting of design
independent (DIP) values from
information found in physical and
economic databases
Evaluation. Evaluation of design
against other design and check for

System Engineering Morphology for


Product Realization

Block 1. customer
Block 2. functional terms
Block 3. design team supported by
traditional and computer-based tools
for design synthesis (block 4)
Block 4. traditional and computer-based
tools
Block 5. top down and bottom up
activities
Block 6. design dependent parameter
(DDP) values (TPM) and the forecasting
of design independent (DIP) values
from information found in physical and
economic databases (block 7)
Block 7. physical and economic
databases

Block 8. evaluation of each design


candidate
Block 9. decision

DISCUSSION OF THE TEN-BLOCK


MORPHOLOGY
A. The technologies (Block 0)
technologies are the product of applied
research
evolve from the activities of
engineering research and development
it is the most potent ingredient for
advancing the capabilities of systems,
products and structures

DISCUSSION OF THE TEN-BLOCK


MORPHOLOGY
A. The technologies (Block 0)
designer/producer help the customer
undertand what might be for each
technological choice
designer/producer must be able to
articulate and deliver appropriate
technologial solutions on time and
within budget to attain and retain a
competitive edge in the global market
place.

DISCUSSION OF THE TEN-BLOCK


MORPHOLOGY
B.The customer (Block 1)
. the purpose is to sarisfy the customer
(and stakeholder) needs and
expectations.
. functions must be provided and all
requirements from the perspective of
the customer or the customers
representative be satisfied during the
design process
. stakeholder and any other special
interest should be included in the
voice of the customer in a way that
reflects all needs and concerns
. includes ecological and human impacts

DISCUSSION OF THE TEN-BLOCK


MORPHOLOGY
C.Need, functions and requirements
(Block 2)
. to gather and specify the behavior of
the product or system in functional
terms
. market study identifies a need, an
opportunity or a deficiency
. from the need comes a definition of the
basic requirements in functional terms
. the product or system should be
idnetified by its function, not its form

DISCUSSION OF THE TEN-BLOCK


MORPHOLOGY
D.The design team (Block 3)
. Should be organized to incorporate indepth technical expertise
. Included must be expertise in each of
the product life-cycle phases and
elements contained within the set of
system requirements
. Intended purpose must be satisfied,
followed by producibility, reliability,
maintainability, disposability,
environment compliance and others

DISCUSSION OF THE TEN-BLOCK


MORPHOLOGY
D.Design synthesis (Block 4)
. It is a creative activity that relies on
the knowledge of experts about the
state of the art as well as the state of
technology
STEPS
1.a number of feasible design
alternatives are fashioned and
presented for analysis
2.the candidate design is driven by both
a top-down functional decomposition
and a bottom-up combinatorial
approach utilizing available system

DISCUSSION OF THE TEN-BLOCK


MORPHOLOGY
D.Design synthesis (Block 4)
STEPS
3.arrow E represents a blending of these
approaches
4.define each alternative to allow for lifecycle analysis in view of the
requirements
5.arrow F highlights this definition
process as it pertains to the passing of
candidate design alternatives to design
analysis in block 6

DISCUSSION OF THE TEN-BLOCK


MORPHOLOGY
E.Top down and bottom up (Block 5)
. it is iterative with the number of
iterations determined by the creativity
and skill of the design team
. starts with requirements for the
external behavior of any component of
the system up to its decomposition

DISCUSSION OF THE TEN-BLOCK


MORPHOLOGY
F.Estimation and prediction (Block 6)
. generation of cost and effectiveness
measures
. uses models and database information
to obtain DDP values of (TPMs) for each
design alternative. Models and
simulations are based on physical laws,
assumptions and empirical data

DISCUSSION OF THE TEN-BLOCK


MORPHOLOGY
G.Physical and economic databases
(Block 7)
. provides a resource for the design
process, rather than being an actual
step in the process flow
. DIP values are determined and provided
to the activity of design evaluation
. it includes descriptions of existing
system components, parts, and
subsystems

DISCUSSION OF THE TEN-BLOCK


MORPHOLOGY
H.Design evaluation (Block 8)
It should be embedded appropriately
within the process and then pursued
continuously as product design and
development progresses.
I. Design decision (Block 9)

IMPLEMENTING SYSTEMS
ENGINEERING
APPLICATION DOMAINS FOR SYSTEMS
ENGINEERING
1.Large scale systems with many
components, such as a space-based
system, an urban transportation system, or
a hydroelectric power-generating system.
2.Small sclae systems with relatively few
components such as a local area
communications system, a computer
system, a hydraulic system, or a
mechanical braking system.

IMPLEMENTING SYSTEMS
ENGINEERING

APPLICATION DOMAINS FOR SYSTEMS


ENGINEERING
3.Manufacturing or production systems where
there are input-output relationships,
processes, processors, control software,
facilities and people.
4.Systems where a great deal of new design
and development effort is required (ex.
introduction of advanced technologies).

IMPLEMENTING SYSTEMS
ENGINEERING
APPLICATION DOMAINS FOR SYSTEMS
ENGINEERING
5.Systems where the design is based largely
on the use of existing COTS equipment,
commercial software, or existing facilities.
6.Systems that are highly equipment,
software, facilities or data intensive.

IMPLEMENTING SYSTEMS
ENGINEERING
APPLICATION DOMAINS FOR SYSTEMS
ENGINEERING
7.Systems where there are several suppliers
involved in the design and development
process at the national and possibly
international level.
8.Systems being designed and developed for
use in the defense, civilian, commercial, or
private sectors separately or jointly.

APPLICATION AREAS FOR SYSTEMS


ENGINEERING

RECOGNIZING AND MANAGING LIFE


CYCLE IMPACTS

POTENTIAL BENEFITS FROM SYSTEMS


ENGINEERING

POTENTIAL BENEFITS FROM SYSTEMS


ENGINEERING

1. Reduction in the cost of the system design and


development, production and/or construction,
system operation and support, system retirement
and material disposal (reduction in the life cycle
cost)
2. Reduction in system acquisition time (or time from
the initial identification of a customer need to the
delivery of a system to the customer).
3. More visibility and a reduction in the risks
associated with the design decision making
process. Increased visibility is provided through
viewing the system from a long-term and life-cycle
perspective.

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