Normal Strain and Stress

Normal Strain and Stress, Stress

strain diagram, Hookes Law

Strain
When a body is subjected to load, it
will deform and can be detected
through the changes in length and
the changes of angles between
them.
The deformation is measured
through experiment and it is called
as strain.
The important of strain: it will be
related to stress in the later chapter

Normal Strain
Normal strain is detected by the changes in length.

l 'l

l
l

(epsilon)
l: length after deformed
l: original length.

Note :

dimensionless

very small (normally is m (=10-6 m))

480(10)-6 m/m = 480 m/m = 480 micros =

0.0480 %
3

Example 1

When load P is applied, the RIGID lever arm rotates by 0.05o.

Calculate the normal strain of wire BD
Foundation: L/L
Knowledge required: geometrical equation
Rigid: no deformation on the lever
4

Geometry: The
mathematics
Sine and Cosine Rule

L1 L 2 2 L32 2( L 2)( L3) cos( )

Example 1
When force P is applied to the
rigid lever arm
LBD after deformed is DB
Cosine rule can be applied
here
LBD ' LAB ' LAD 2( LAB ' )( LAD ) cos( 0.05)
2

Strain:
BD

LDB ' LDB

LDB

Example 1
When force P is applied to the
rigid lever arm
LBD after deformed is DB
Cosine rule can be applied here
2

LBD ' LAB ' LAD 2( LAB ' )( LAD ) cos( 0.05)
LBD ' 300.3491 mm

Strain:
BD

LDB ' LDB

LDB

BD 0.00116 mm / mm
7

Example 2
The force applied to the handle of
the rigid lever the arm to rotate
clockwise through an angle of 3o
about pin A. Determine the average
normal strain developed in the
wire. Originally, the wire is
unstretched.

Discuss the approach?

Solution

LBD = 0.6155 m

= 0.0258 m/m

Simple Tensile Test

Strength of a material can only be

determined by experiment

The test used by engineers is the

tension or compression test

This test is used primarily to

determine the relationship between
the average normal stress and
average normal strain in common
engineering materials, such as
metals, ceramics, polymers and
composites
10

Conventional StressStrain
Diagram
Nominal or engineering stress is obtained by
dividing the applied load P by the specimens original
cross-sectional area.

P
A0

Nominal or engineering strain is obtained by

dividing the change in the specimens gauge length
by the specimens original gauge length.

L0

Conventional StressStrain Diagram

Conventional StressStrain
Diagram
Elastic Behaviour

A straight line
Stress is proportional to strain, i.e., linearly elastic
Upper stress limit, or proportional limit; pl
If load is removed upon reaching elastic limit, specimen will return to its
original shape

Yielding

Material deforms permanently; yielding; plastic deformation

Yield stress, Y
Once yield point reached, specimen continues to elongate (strain) without
any increase in load
Note figure not drawn to scale, otherwise induced strains is 10-40 times
larger than in elastic limit
Material is referred to as being perfectly plastic

Conventional StressStrain
Diagram

Strain Hardening.

Ultimate stress, u
While specimen is elongating, its x-sectional area will decrease
Decrease in area is fairly uniform over entire gauge length

Necking

At ultimate stress, cross-sectional area begins to decrease in a

localized region of the specimen.
Specimen breaks at the fracture stress.

14

StressStrain Behavior of
Ductile and Brittle Materials
Ductile Materials
Material that can
subjected to large
strains before it
ruptures is called a
ductile material.
Brittle Materials
Materials that exhibit
little or no yielding
before failure are
referred to as brittle
materials.

StressStrain Behavior of Ductile and

Brittle Materials
Yield Strength

0.02% strain for ductile material

Strain hardening

When ductile material is loaded into

the plastic region and then
unloaded, elastic strain is recovered.
The plastic strain remains and
material is subjected to a permanent
set.

Hookes Law
Hookes Law defines the linear relationship
between stress and strain within the elastic
region.

= stress
E = modulus of elasticity or Youngs modulus
= strain

E can be used only if a material has linear

elastic behaviour.

E can be derived from stress

and strain graph.
What is it?

Strain Energy

When material is deformed by external

loading, it will store energy internally
throughout its volume.
Energy is related to the strains called
strain energy.

Modulus of Resilience

When stress reaches the proportional

limit, the strain-energy density is the
modulus of resilience, ur:

1
1 pl
ur pl pl
2
2 E

Example

The stressstrain diagram for an

aluminum alloy that is used for making
aircraft parts is shown. When material is
stressed to 600 MPa, find the permanent
strain that remains in the specimen when
load is released. Also, compute the
modulus of resilience both before and
after the load application.

Approach to the problem:

Parallel to elastic line
Both slope is equal
Distance CD can be calculated based
on the slope
Permanent strain: 0.023 distance CD

Solution
When the specimen is subjected to the load, the
strain is approximately 0.023 mm/mm.
The slope of line OA is the modulus of elasticity,
From triangle CBD,

450
75.0 GPa
0.006

BD 600 10 6
E

75.0 109 CD 0.008 mm/mm

CD
CD

Solution:
This strain represents the amount of recovered elastic
strain.
The permanent strain is

OC 0.023 0.008 0.0150 mm/mm (Ans)

Computing the modulus of resilience,

ur initial 1 pl pl 1 450 0.006 1.35 MJ/m 3

(Ans)

2
2
ur final 1 pl pl 1 600 0.008 2.40 MJ/m 3 (Ans)
2
2

Note that the SI system of units is measured in joules, where 1 J = 1 Nm

Modulus of Toughness
Modulus of
toughness, ut,
represents the entire
area under the stress
strain diagram.
It indicates the strainenergy density of the
material just before it
fractures.

Example
The bar DA is rigid and is originally
held in the horizontal position
when the weight W is supported
from C. If the weight causes B to
be displaced downward 0.625mm,
determine the strain in wires DE
and BC. Also if the wires are made
of A-36 steel and have a crosssectional area of 1.25 mm2,
determine the weight W.

Discuss the approach????

23

1) Calculate the displacement of D.

D B

1.5 0.9
1.5
)
0.9
D 1.0417 mm

D 0.625(

2) Based on displacement on D, calculate the strain and normal stress

D 1.0417

1.157(10) 3 mm / mm
LD
900

* strain in mm/mm,
stress and E in MPa, F in
N and length in mm

D E 200(10) 31.157(10) 3 231.4 MPa

24

3) Based on normal stress at wire DE, calculate the T of wire D

TED
D 231.4MPa
A
TED D A 289.3 N
4) Calculate W, based on FBD of bar DA

TDE (1.5) W (0.9) 0

W 482.2 N
5) Calculate normal stress of wire CB and strain of wire CB

BC

TBC 482.2

385.7 MPa
A
1.25

Strain can not be calculated as normal stress goes beyond yield stress (Sy = 250
MPa), elastic property is no more applied. Therefore it requires the stress and strain
curve to predict the strain
25

Poissons Ratio
(nu), states that in the elastic range, the ratio of
these strains is a constant since the deformations
are proportional.
lat Poissons ratio is dimensionless.
v
long Typical values are 1/3 or 1/4.
Negative sign since longitudinal elongation
(positive strain) causes lateral contraction
(negative strain), and vice versa.

Example
A bar made of A-36 steel has the dimensions shown. If an axial force of
P is applied to the bar, determine the change in its length and the
change in the dimensions of its cross section after applying the load.
The material behaves elastically.

Discuss the approach

Approach:
Property A-36: E ,
= P/A
z=/ E
Lz = L * z
x = y = -z
Lx = L * x
Ly = L * y

Solution
1) The normal stress in the bar :

P
80 103
z
16.0 10 6 Pa
A 0.1 0.05

4) The contraction strains in both the

x and y directions are

x y vst z 0.32 80106 25.6 m/m

2) From the table for A-36 steel,

Est = 200 GPa

z 16.0106
6

80
10
mm/mm
9
Est 20010
3) The axial elongation of the bar
is therefore

z z Lz 8010 6 1.5 120m (Ans)

5) The changes in the dimensions

of the cross section are

25.610 0. 05 1.28m (Ans)

x x Lx 25.610 6 0.1 2.56m (Ans)

y y Ly