Chap 4: Epidemiology: Prevention and

Control of Disease and Health Conditions

Instructor: Ping Luo, Ed.D

Fall Semester, 2004

Chap 4: Prevention and Control

Chapter Objectives
Explain the difference between
communicable and noncommunicable
diseases and between acute and chronic
diseases.
Describe and explain communicable and
multicausation disease models.
Explain why noncommunicable diseases
are a community health concern and
provide some examples of communicable
and provide some examples of important
noncommunicable diseases

Chap 4: Prevention and Control

Chapter Objectives
Explain how communicable diseases
are transmitted in a community using
the chain of infection model and
use a specific communicable disease
to illustrate your explanation.
Explain the difference between
primary, secondary, and tertiary
prevention of disease.

Chap 4: Prevention and Control

Chapter Objectives
List and explain the various criteria
that communities might use in order
to prioritize their health problems in
preparation for the allocation of
prevention and control resources
List and discuss the measures for
preventing and controlling the spread
of communicable diseases in a
community.

Chap 4: Prevention and Control

Chapter Objectives
List and discuss approaches to noncommunicable disease control in a
community.
Define and explain the purpose and
importance of health screenings.
Outline a chronic, noncommunicable
disease control program that includes
primary, secondary, and tertiary
disease prevention components.

Chap 4: Prevention and Control

Classification of
Diseases & Health
4 Classification Schemes
Problems
Organ or Organ System
i.e., heart disease, kidney disease, respiratory
infection

Causative Agent
Biological Agents
Chemical Agents
Physical Agents

Chap 4: Prevention and Control

Causative Agents for

Diseases & Injuries
Biological
Agents
Viruses
Rickettsiae
Bacteria
Fungi
Protozoa
Metazoa

Chemical
Agents
Pesticides
Food additives
Pharmacologics
Industrial chemicals
Air pollutants
Cigarette smoke

Physical
Agents
Heat
Light
Radiation
Noise
Vibration
Speeding
objects

Chap 4: Prevention and Control

Classification of Diseases &

Health Problems

Organ or Organ System

i.e., heart disease, kidney disease, respiratory

infection

Causative Agent
Biological Agents
Chemical Agents
Physical Agents

Communicable vs Non communicable

Acute vs Chronic
Peak symptoms within 3 months (acute) or
longer than 3 months (chronic)

Chap 4: Prevention and Control

Types of Diseases
Acute Diseases
Communicable
Noncommunicable

Examples
Common cold, pneumonia,
mumps, measles, pertussis,
typhoid fever, cholera

Appendicitis, poisoning, trauma

Chronic Diseases
Communicable Tuberculosis, AIDS, Lyme diseas
syphilis, rheumatic fever

Noncommunicable Diabetes, coronary heart diseas

osteoarthritis, cirrhosis of the li

Chap
4:
Prevention
and
Control
Communicable Disease

Model

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ng
ia
Tr

Ep
id
em
io l
og
ic

Model

Chap 4: Prevention and Control

Communicable Disease
Model

Agent - the element that

must be present in order
for the diseases to occur.

Chap 4: Prevention
and Control
Communicable
Disease
Model
Host - any susceptible
organism invaded
by an infectious agent

Agent

Chap 4: Prevention and Control

Communicable Disease
Model
Host

Agent

Environment - all
other factors that inhibit
or promote disease
transmission.

Chap 4: Prevention and Control

Chain of Infection

A model to conceptualize the transmission of a

ommunicable disease from its source to a susceptible hose

Chap 4: Prevention and Control

Chain of Infection

Pathogen
is the disease causing agent

Chap 4: Prevention and Control

Chain of Infection

Pathogen Reservoir
is the habitat in which an infectious
agent normally lives & grows
Human: symptomatic or asymptomatic
Animal: called zoonoses
Environmental: plants, soil, and water

Chap 4: Prevention and Control

Chain of Infection
Pathogen Reservoir Portal
of exit

- is the path by which

an agent leaves the
source host

Chap 4: Prevention and Control

Chain of Infection
Pathogen Reservoir Portal
of exit

Transmission

how pathogens
are passed

Modes of Transmission
Direct
- Direct contact
- Droplet spread
Indirect
- Airborne
- Vehicleborne
- Vectorborne

Chap 4: Prevention and Control

Chain of Infection
Pathogen Reservoir Portal
of exit

Portal
Transmission of entry

agent enters

susceptible host

Respiratory
Oral
Skin
Intravenous
Gastrointestinal

Chap 4: Prevention and Control

Chain of Infection
Pathogen Reservoir Portal
of exit

Portal
Transmission of entry

New
Host

Final link is

a susceptible host

Chap 4: Prevention and Control

Noncommunicable Disease
Model

Your genetic
endowment

Chap 4: Prevention and Control

Noncommunicable Disease
Model

fs
li e
Be

y
t
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l
a
n
o
s
Per

Your genetic
endowment
Behavioral
choices

Chap 4: Prevention
and Control
Noncommunicable
Disease
Model

Your genetic
endowment
Behavioral
choices
Air
Pollution

Wa
te r
Qu
al i
ty

Eco
nom
ics

y
t
i
l
a
n
o
s
Per

re
Ca
h
alt tem
He ys
S
fs
li e
Be

Environment

Chap 4: Prevention and Control

Prioritizing Prevention &

Control Efforts
Leading Causes of Death
Years of Potential Life Lost
Economic Cost to Society

Chap 4: Prevention and Control

Prioritizing Prevention
and Control Efforts
Leading Causes of Death
Years of Potential Life Lost
Economic Cost to Society

Chap 4: Prevention and Control

Prevention, Intervention,
Control, and Eradication of
Prevention
Diseases
primary
secondary
tertiary

Intervention
which is defined as taking of action during an
event

Control
general term used in the containment of disease

Eradication
total elimination of the disease

Chap 4: Prevention and Control

Levels of Prevention

Primary Prevention Tertiary Prevention

is the forestalling of the onset
is to retrain, reeducate, and
of illness or injury during the
pre-pathogenesis period
(before the disease process
begins)

Secondary
Prevention
is the early diagnosis and
prompt treatment of diseases
before the disease becomes
advanced and disability
becomes severe

rehabilitate the patient who has

already incurred disability

Chap 4: Prevention and Control

Chapter 4
Epidemiology:

Prevention and
Control of Diseases
and Health
Conditions