Java Programming Chapter 8 Object Oriented Programming

Chapter 8 Objects and Classes
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807
Motivations
After learning the preceding chapters, you are
capable of solving many programming problems
using selections, loops, methods, and arrays.
However, these Java features are not sufficient for
developing graphical user interfaces and large scale
software systems. Suppose you want to develop a
graphical user interface as shown below. How do you
program it?
Objectives
To describe objects and classes, and use classes to model objects
(8.2).
To use UML graphical notations to describe classes and objects
(8.2).
To demonstrate defining classes and creating objects (8.3).
To create objects using constructors (8.4).
To access objects via object reference variables (8.5).
To define a reference variable using a reference type (8.5.1).
To access an objects data and methods using the object member
access operator (.) (8.5.2).
To define data fields of reference types and assign default values
for an objects data fields (8.5.3).
To distinguish between object reference variables and primitive
data type variables (8.5.4).
To use classes Date, Random, and JFrame in the Java library
(8.6).
To distinguish between instance and static variables and methods
(8.7).
To define private data fields with appropriate get and set
methods (8.8).
To encapsulate
data
make
easy
to maintain
Liang, Introduction
to Java fields
Programming, to
Eighth Edition,
(c) 2011classes
Pearson Education,
Inc. All
3
(8.9).
OO Programming Concepts
Object-oriented programming (OOP) involves programming

using Classes and Objects.
A class is used to describe something in the world, such as
occurrences,
things,
external
entities,
roles,
organization units, places or structures.
A class describes the structure and behavior of a set of
similar objects.
It is often described as a template, generalized
description, pattern or blueprint for an object, as opposed
to the actual object, itself.
Once a class of items is defined, a specific instance of

the class can be defined. An instance is also called
object.
An object has a unique identity, state, and behaviors.
The state of an object consists of a set of data fields
(also known as properties) with their current values.
The behavior of an object is defined by a set of methods,
in other words what the object does.
In other words an object is a software bundle of
variables and related methods.
Class and Object Example

The table gives some examples of classes and objects
Type
Occurrence
Things
External
entities
Roles
Organizational
units
Example of
class
Alarm
Car
Door
Teacher
Department
Example of
object
Fire alarm
Ferrari 360
Fire door
Mohammad,
Hassan
CS, IT , IS
Real World Objects
UML Class and Object Diagrams:

A class diagram is simply a rectangle divided into three
compartments. The topmost compartment contains the name of the
class. The middle compartment contains a list of attributes (member
variables), and the bottom compartment contains a list of operations
(member functions). The purpose of a class diagram is to show the
classes within a model.
UML Class Diagram
Student
Name: String
getName(): String
Class name
Data fields
methods
setName()
S1: Student
Name = Ahmed
S2: Student
Name=Ali
S3: Student
Name=Suhel
UML notation
for objects
3 Objects of
Student class
Kinds of classes:
Standard Class: Dont reinvent the wheel. When there are existing
objects that satisfy our needs, use them. Learning how to use standard
Java classes is the first step toward mastering OOP. Some of the
standard classes are JOptionPane , String , Scanner etc
Programmer defined Class: Using just the String, JOptionPane,
Scanner, JFrame and other standard classes will not meet all of our
needs. We need to be able to define our own classes customized for
our applications. Classes we define ourselves are called programmerdefined classes
Template for Class

Definition
Import
Import
Statements
Statements
Class
ClassComment
Comment
class
Class
ClassName
Name
Data
DataMembers
Members
Methods
Methods
(incl.
(incl.Constructor)
Constructor)
Example of a Class
import java.util.*;
//student class definition
class Student {
/** The name of a student */
String name ;
/** Methods of Student class */
public void setName(String n) {
name=n;
}
Data field
Methods
public String getName() {

return name;
}
}
}
10
Object Declaration
Class
ClassName
Name
This
class
must
This class mustbe
be
defined
before
this
defined before this
declaration
declarationcan
canbe
be
stated.
stated.
Student
More
Examples
Object Name
One object is declared
here.
jan;
Account customer;
Student jan, jim, jon;
Vehicle car1, car2;
11
Object Creation
Object Name
Name of the object we
are creating here.
Class Name
An instance of this class
is created.
jan = new
More
Examples
Student (
Argument
No arguments are used
here.
);
customer = new Account();

jon
= new Student(John Java);
car1
= new Vehicle( );
12
Declaration vs. Creation
1
2
Student
Student
hussain
hussain
hussain;
hussain;
= new
new Student(
Student( );
);
=
1.1.The
Theidentifier
identifierhussain
hussainisis
declared
declaredand
andspace
spaceisis
allocated
allocatedininmemory.
memory.
hussain
: Student
2.2.AAStudent
Studentobject
objectisiscreated
created
and
the
identifier
hussain
and the identifier hussainisis
set
settotorefer
refertotoit.it.
eclaration and Creation in one step

Assign object reference
Student
Create an object
hussain= new Student();
13
Accessing members of a class

. (dot) operator is used to access public members of a class
A general syntax to access public members of a class is as follows
// s is object of Student class
Student
s= new Student();
Referencing the objects data:

objectRefVar.data
e.g., s.name=Ali; // accessing public data member
Invoking the objects method:

objectRefVar.methodName(arguments)
e.g., s.setName(Ahmad); // accessing method
s.getName(); // accessing method
14
Example 1: Defining Classes and Creating

Objects
Objective: Demonstrate creating objects,
accessing data, and using methods.
//student class definition
class Student {
/** name is a data member to
store name of a student */
String name ;
/** Methods of Student class */
public void setName(String n) {
name=n; }
public String getName() {
return name; }
}
//Test class Teststudent definition

class TestStudent {
public static void main (String [] args)
{
// Creating object
Student s = new Student ();
s.name=Ali;
System.out.println(Name: + s.name);
s.setName(Ahmad);
System.out.println(Name: + s.getName());
}
}
15
Second Example: Using the Bicycle Class

Bicycle
CLASS
ownerName
Data member
getOwnerName( )
setOwnerName(String)
bike1
Methods
bike2
OBJECTS
ownerName= Adam Smith
ownerName = Ben Jones
16
Example 2: Defining Classes and Creating Objects

Objective: Demonstrate creating objects, accessing
data, and using methods.

class Bicycle {
// Data Member
private String ownerName;
//Returns name of this bicycle's owner
public String getOwnerName( ) {
}
return ownerName;
//Assigns name of this bicycle's owner

public void setOwnerName(String name)
ownerName = name;
class BicycleRegistration {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Bicycle bike1, bike2;
String owner1, owner2;
bike1 = new Bicycle( );
//Create and assign values to bike1
bike1.setOwnerName("Adam Smith");
bike2 = new Bicycle( );
//Create and assign values to bike2
bike2.setOwnerName("Ben Jones");
owner1 =
bike1.getOwnerName( ); //Output the
information
owner2 = bike2.getOwnerName( );
System.out.println(owner1 + " owns a
bicycle.");
System.out.println(owner2 + " also
owns a bicycle.");
}
}
17
Constructors
The constructor method is like a normal public method
except that it shares the same name as the class and it
has no return value not even void since constructors
never return a value. It can have none, one or many
parameters. Constructors are a special kind of methods
that are invoked to construct objects.
Normally for a constructor method to be useful we
would design it so that it expects parameters. The values
passed through these parameters can be used to set the
values of the private fields.
18
Constructors, cont.
A constructor with no parameters is referred to as a
no-arg constructor.
Point to be noted about
constructor.
1. Constructors must have the same name as the class

itself.
2. Constructors do not have a return typenot even
void.
3. Constructors are invoked (called) using the new
operator when an object is created.
4. Constructors play the role of initializing objects.
19
Default Constructor
A class may be declared without constructors. In
this case, a no-arg constructor with an empty body
is implicitly declared in the class. This constructor,
called a default constructor, is provided
automatically only if no constructors are explicitly
declared in the class.
20
Example 3: Defining Classes with constructors and Creating Objects.

class Account {
class TestAccount{
private String ownerName;

private double balance;
public Account( ) {
ownerName = "Unassigned";
balance = 0.0;
}
public void add(double amt) {
balance = balance + amt;
}
/* This sample program uses both

the Bicycle and Account classes */
public static void main(String[] args)
Account acct;
String
public void deduct(double amt) {

balance = balance - amt;
}
acct = new Account( );

acct.setOwnerName(myName);
acct.setBalance(250.00);
public void setBalance (double bal) {

balance = bal;
}
public void setOwnerName (String name) {
ownerName = name;
}
public double getBalance( ) {
return balance;
}
myName = "Jon Java";
acct.add(25.00);
acct.deduct(50);
//Output some information
System.out.println("has $ " +
acct.getBalance() + " left in the
bank");
}

return ownerName;
}
}
21
Trace Code
class Circle {
/** The radius of this circle */
double radius = 1.0;
/** Construct a circle object */
public Circle() {
}
Data field
Constructors
/** Construct a circle object */

public Circle(double newRadius) {
radius = newRadius;
}
/** Return the area of this circle */

public double getArea() {
return radius * radius * 3.14159;
}
Method
22
animation
Trace Code
Another Example
Circle myCircle = new Circle(5.0);
Declare myCircle
myCircle
no value
Circle yourCircle = new Circle();

yourCircle.radius = 100;
23
animation
Trace Code, cont.

myCircle
no value
: Circle
radius: 5.0
Create a circle
24
animation
Trace Code, cont.

myCircle reference value


to myCircle
: Circle
radius: 5.0
25
animation
Trace Code, cont.


: Circle
radius: 5.0
yourCircle
no value
Declare yourCircle
26
animation
Trace Code, cont.

: Circle
radius: 5.0
no value
yourCircle
: Circle
Create a new
Circle object
radius: 0.0
27
animation
Trace Code, cont.

: Circle
radius: 5.0
yourCircle reference value

to yourCircle
: Circle
radius: 1.0
28
animation
Trace Code, cont.

: Circle
radius: 5.0
yourCircle reference value
: Circle
Change radius in
yourCircle
radius: 100.0
29
Caution
Recall that you use
Math.methodName(arguments) (e.g., Math.pow(3, 2.5))
to invoke a method in the Math class. Can you invoke

getArea() using Circle1.getArea()? The answer is no. All
the methods used before this chapter are static
methods, which are defined using the static keyword.
However, getArea() is non-static. It must be invoked
from an object using
objectRefVar.methodName(arguments) (e.g.,
myCircle.getArea()).
More explanations will be given in the section on

Static Variables, Constants, and Methods.
30
Reference Data Fields

The data fields can be of reference types. For
example, the following Student class contains
a data field name of the String type.
public class Student {
String name; // name has default value null
int age; // age has default value 0
boolean isScienceMajor; // isScienceMajor has default value false
char gender; // c has default value '\u0000'
}
31
The null Value

If a data field of a reference type
does not reference any object, the
data field holds a special literal
value, null.
32
Default Value for a Data Field

The default value of a data field is null for a
reference type, 0 for a numeric type, false for a
boolean type, and '\u0000' for a char type.
However, Java assigns no default value to a local
variable inside a method.
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Student student = new Student();
System.out.println("name? " + student.name);
System.out.println("age? " + student.age);
System.out.println("isScienceMajor? " + student.isScienceMajor);
System.out.println("gender? " + student.gender);
}
}
33
Example
Java assigns no default value to a local variable
inside a method.
public class Test {
int x; // x has no default value
String y; // y has no default value
System.out.println("x is " + x);
System.out.println("y is " + y);
}
}
Compilation error: variables not

initialized
34
Differences between Variables of

Primitive Data Types and Object Types
Created using new Circle()
Primitive type
int i = 1
Object type
Circle c
reference
c: Circle
radius = 1
35
Copying Variables of Primitive

Data Types and Object Types
Primitive type assignment i = j
Before:
After:
2
Object type assignment c1 = c2
Before:
After:
c1
c1
c2
c2
c1: Circle
C2: Circle
c1: Circle
C2: Circle
radius = 5
radius = 9
radius = 5
radius = 9
36
Garbage Collection
As shown in the previous figure,

after the assignment statement
c1 = c2, c1 points to the same
object referenced by c2. The
object previously referenced by
c1 is no longer referenced. This
object is known as garbage.
Garbage
is
automatically
collected by JVM.
37
Garbage Collection, cont
TIP: If you know that an object is

no longer needed, you can
explicitly assign null to a
reference variable for the object.
The JVM will automatically
collect the space if the object is
not referenced by any variable.
38
The Date Class

Java provides a system-independent encapsulation of date
and time in the java.util.Date class. You can use the Date
class to create an instance for the current date and time
and use its toString method to return the date and time as
a string.
The + sign indicates
public modifer
java.util.Date
+Date()
Constructs a Date object for the current time.
+Date(elapseTime: long)
Constructs a Date object for a given time in

milliseconds elapsed since January 1, 1970, GMT.
+toString(): String
Returns a string representing the date and time.
+getTime(): long
Returns the number of milliseconds since January 1,

1970, GMT.
+setTime(elapseTime: long): void
Sets a new elapse time in the object.
39
The Date Class Example

For example, the following code
java.util.Date date = new java.util.Date();

System.out.println(date.toString());
displays a string likeSun Mar 09 13:50:19 EST

2003.
40
The Random Class

You have used Math.random() to obtain a
random double value between 0.0 and 1.0
(excluding 1.0). A more useful random number
generator is provided in the java.util.Random
class.
java.util.Random
+Random()
Constructs a Random object with the current time as its seed.
+Random(seed: long)
Constructs a Random object with a specified seed.
+nextInt(): int
+nextInt(n: int): int
Returns a random int value.
+nextLong(): long
Returns a random long value.
+nextDouble(): double
Returns a random double value between 0.0 and 1.0 (exclusive).
+nextFloat(): float
Returns a random float value between 0.0F and 1.0F (exclusive).
+nextBoolean(): boolean
Returns a random boolean value.
Returns a random int value between 0 and n (exclusive).
41
The Random Class Example

If two Random objects have the same seed, they will generate
identical sequences of numbers. For example, the following code
creates two Random objects with the same seed 3.
Random random1 = new Random(3);
System.out.print("From random1: ");
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
System.out.print(random1.nextInt(1000) + " ");
Random random2 = new Random(3);
System.out.print("\nFrom random2: ");
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
System.out.print(random2.nextInt(1000) + " ");
From random1: 734 660 210 581 128 202 549 564 459 961
From random2: 734 660 210 581 128 202 549 564 459 961
42
Displaying GUI Components

When you develop programs to create graphical
user interfaces, you will use Java classes such as
JFrame, JButton, JRadioButton, JComboBox, and JList
to create frames, buttons, radio buttons, combo
boxes, lists, and so on. Here is an example that
creates two windows using the JFrame class.
43
// Generate frame using standard class JFrame

import javax.swing.JFrame;
public class TestFrame {
JFrame frame1 = new JFrame();
frame1.setTitle("Window 1");
frame1.setSize(200, 150);
frame1.setLocation(200, 100);
frame1.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
frame1.setVisible(true);
frame2.setLocation(410, 100);
frame2.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
frame2.setVisible(true); }
}
44
animation
Trace Code
frame1.setVisible(true); JFrame
frame2 = new JFrame();
frame1 reference
Declare, create,
and assign in one
statement
: JFrame
title:
width:
height:
visible:
45
animation
Trace Code
frame1.setVisible(true); JFrame
frame2 = new JFrame();
frame1 reference
Set title property
: JFrame
title: "Window 1"
width:
height:
visible:
46
animation
Trace Code
frame1 reference
Set size property
: JFrame
title: "Window 1"
width: 200
height: 150
visible:
47
animation
Trace Code
frame1 reference
: JFrame
title: "Window 1"
width: 200
height: 150
visible: true
Set visible
property
48
animation
Trace Code
frame1 reference
: JFrame
title: "Window 1"
width: 200
height: 150
visible: true
frame2 reference
Declare, create,
and assign in one
statement
: JFrame
title:
width:
height:
visible:
49
animation
Trace Code
frame1 reference
: JFrame
title: "Window 1"
width: 200
height: 150
visible: true
frame2 reference
: JFrame
title: "Window 2"
width:
height:
visible:
Set title property
50
animation
Trace Code
frame1 reference
: JFrame
title: "Window 1"
width: 200
height: 150
visible: true
frame2 reference
: JFrame
title: "Window 2" Set size property
width: 200
height: 150
visible:
51
animation
Trace Code
frame1 reference
: JFrame
title: "Window 1"
width: 200
height: 150
visible: true
frame2 reference
: JFrame
title: "Window 2"
width: 200
height: 150
visible: true
Set visible
property
52
Instance Variables, and Methods

Instance variables belong to a specific instance.
Instance methods are invoked by an instance of
the class.
53
Static Variables, Constants,

and Methods
Static variables are shared by all the instances of the
class.
Static methods are not tied to a specific object.
Static constants are final variables shared by all the
instances of the class.
54

and Methods, cont.
To declare static variables, constants, and methods,
use the static modifier.
55

and Methods, cont.
instantiate
circle1
radius = 1
numberOfObjects = 2
Circle
radius: double
numberOfObjects: int
getNumberOfObjects(): int
+getArea(): double
instantiate
UML Notation:
+: public variables or methods
underline: static variables or methods
Memory
1
radius
numberOfObjects
radius
After two Circle

objects were created,
numberOfObjects
is 2.
circle2
radius = 5
numberOfObjects = 2
56
Objective: Demonstrate the roles of instance and class variables

and their uses. This example adds a class variable
numberOfObjects to track the number of Circle objects created.
public class Circle2 {
double radius; /** The radius of the circle */
static int numberOfObjects = 0; /** No of objects created */
/** Construct a circle with radius 1 */
Circle2() {
radius = 1.0;
numberOfObjects++; }
/** Construct a circle with a specified radius */
Circle2(double newRadius) {
radius = newRadius; numberOfObjects++; }
/** Return numberOfObjects */
static int getNumberOfObjects() {
return numberOfObjects; }
/** Return the area of this circle */
double getArea() {
return radius * radius * Math.PI; }
}
57
public class TestCircle2 { /** Main method */

System.out.println("Before creating objects");
System.out.println("The number of Circle objects is " + Circle2.numberOfObjects);
// Create c1
Circle2 c1 = new Circle2();
// Display c1 BEFORE c2 is created
System.out.println("\nAfter creating c1");
System.out.println("c1: radius (" + c1.radius + ") and number of Circle objects (" +
c1.numberOfObjects + ")");
// Create c2 Circle2
c2 = new Circle2(5); // Modify c1
c1.radius = 9; // Display c1 and c2 AFTER c2 was created
System.out.println("\nAfter creating c2 and modifying c1");
c1.numberOfObjects + ")");
c2.numberOfObjects + ")"); }
}
58
Visibility Modifiers and

Accessor/Mutator Methods
By default, the class, variable, or method can be
accessed by any class in the same package.
public
The class, data, or method is visible to any class in any
package.
private
The data or methods can be accessed only by the declaring

class.
The get and set methods are used to read and modify private
properties.
59
Accessibility Example
Service obj = new Service();
class Service {
public int memberOne;
private int memberTwo;
public void doOne() {
obj.memberOne = 10;
obj.memberTwo = 20;
}
private void doTwo() {
obj.doOne();
obj.doTwo();
Client
Service
60
Why Data Fields Should Be

private?
To protect data.
To make class easy to maintain.
Internal details of a class are declared private and hidden from the clients. This is information hiding.
61
Example of
Data Field Encapsulation
The - sign indicates
private modifier
Circle
-radius: double
The radius of this circle (default: 1.0).
-numberOfObjects: int
The number of circle objects created.
+Circle()
Constructs a default circle object.
+Circle(radius: double)
Constructs a circle object with the specified radius.
+getRadius(): double
Returns the radius of this circle.
+setRadius(radius: double): void
Sets a new radius for this circle.
+getNumberOfObject(): int
Returns the number of circle objects created.
+getArea(): double
Returns the area of this circle.
62
Passing Objects to Methods

As we can pass int and double values,
we can also pass an object to a
method.
When we pass an object, we are
actually passing the reference (name)
of an object
it meansby
a duplicate
of an
object istype
NOT
Passing
value for
primitive
created
in thevalue
called is
method.
value
(the
passed to the
parameter)
Passing by value for reference type

value (the value is the reference to
63
Passing Objects to a Method

Student
LibraryCard
name
email
owner
borrowCnt
Student( )
LibraryCard( )
getEmail( )
chcekOut( int )
getName( )
getNumberOfBooks( )
setEmail(String)
getOwnerName( )
setName(String)
setOwner( Student )
toString()
64
Passing a Student Object
student
Memory Allocation
student
2
Receiving side
Passing side
:Student
:LibraryCard
name
owner
Joan Java
email
borrowCnt
jj@javauniv.edu
card2

1
student
LibraryCard card2;
st
card2 = new LibraryCard();

card2.setOwner(student);
card2
Passing Side
class LibraryCard {
private Student owner;
public void setOwner(Student st) {
}
owner = st;
: LibraryCard
owner
name
Receiving Side
Jon Java
borrowCnt
Argument is passed
Value is assigned to the

data member
: Student
email
jj@javauniv.edu
State of Memory
class Student {
private String name;
private String email;
public Student() {
name = "Unassigned";
email = "Unassigned";
}
public String getEmail( ) {
return email;
}
public String getName( ) {
return name;
}
//Assigns the name of this student
public void setName(String studentName) {
name = studentName;
}
//Assigns the email of this student
public void setEmail(String address) {
}
}
class LibraryCard {
//student owner of this card
private Student owner;
//number of books borrowed
private int borrowCnt;
//numOfBooks are checked out
public void checkOut(int numOfBooks) {
borrowCnt = borrowCnt + numOfBooks;
}
//Returns the name of the owner of this card
return owner.getName( );
}
//Returns the number of books borrowed
public int getNumberOfBooks( ) {
return borrowCnt;
}
//Sets the owner of this card to student
public void setOwner(Student stud) {
owner = stud;
}
//Returns the string representation of this card

public String toString( ) {
return "Owner Name: " +owner.getName( )+"\n"+
email = address;
Email:
" + owner.getEmail( ) + "\n" +
"Books Borrowed: " + borrowCnt;
}
}
68
classLibrarian{
publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){
Studentstud;
stud =newStudent();
stud.setName("JonJava");
stud.setEmail("jj@javauniv.edu");
LibraryCardcard1,card2;
card1=newLibraryCard();
card1.setOwner(stud);
card1.checkOut(3);
card2=newLibraryCard();
card2.setOwner(stud);//thesamestudentistheownerofthe
secondcard,too
System.out.println("Card1Info:");
System.out.println(card1.toString()+"\n");
System.out.println("Card2Info:");
System.out.println(card2.toString()+"\n");
}
}
69
Sharing an Object
We pass the same

Student object to card1
and card2
Since we are actually passing

a reference to the same
object, it results in owner of
two
LibraryCard
objects
pointing to the same Student
object
70
Array of Objects
In Java, in addition to arrays of primitive data
types, we can declare arrays of objects

An array of primitive data is a powerful tool,
but an array of objects is even more powerful.
The use of an array of objects allows us to
model the application more cleanly and
logically.
71
class Person {
The
ThePerson
Personclass
classsupports
supports
the
set
methods
and
the set methods andget
get
methods.
methods.
private String name;

private int age;
private char gender;
public Person() {
name = "Unassigned";
age = -1;
gender=u;
}
// Return Person Age
public int getAge( ) {
return age;
}
// Return Person Gender
public char getGender( ) {
return gender;
}
//Return Person Name
public String getName( ) {
return name;
}
//Assigns the name of Person

public void setName(String personName)
{ name = personName;
}
//Assigns the age of Person
public void setAge(int personAge) {
age = personAge;
}
//Assigns the Gender of Person (M/F)
public void setGender(char
personGender) {
gender = personGender;
}
}
public class Test {
public static void main (String[] args)
{ Person latte;
latte = new Person( );
latte.setName("Ms. Latte");
latte.setAge(20);
latte.setGender('F');
System.out.println("Name: "+
latte.getName());
System.out.println("Age : "+
latte.getAge());
System.out.println("Sex : "+
latte.getGender());}}
72
The Person Class

We will use Person objects to illustrate the use of an array
of objects.
Person latte;
latte = new Person( );
latte.setName("Ms. Latte");
latte.setAge(20);
latte.setGender('F');
System.out.println( "Name: " + latte.getName()
);
System.out.println( "Age : " + latte.getAge()
);
System.out.println( "Sex : " + latte.getGender() );
Creating an Object Array - 1

Code
A
A
Person[ ]
person;
person = new Person[20];

person[0] = new Person( );
Only
Onlythe
thename
nameperson
person
isisdeclared,
no
array
declared, no arrayisis
allocated
allocatedyet.
yet.
person
State
of
Memor
y
After A
A is executed

Code
Person[ ]
B
B
person;

Now
Nowthe
thearray
arrayfor
forstoring
storing
20
Person
objects
20 Person objectsisis
created,
created,but
butthe
thePerson
Person
objects
themselves
objects themselvesare
are
not
yet
created.
not yet created.
person
0
State
of
Memor
y
16 17 18 19
After B
B is executed

Code
Person[ ]
person;
C
C
One
OnePerson
Personobject
objectisis
created
createdand
andthe
thereference
reference
totothis
object
is
placed
this object is placedinin
position
position0.0.
person
0
State
of
Memor
y
16 17 18 19
: Person
Person
Not Given
o
U
After C
C is executed
The Person Class

public class Test {
public static void main (String[] args) {
Person [ ]prsn=new Person [20];
Prsn[0] = new Person( );
Prsn[0].setName("Ms. Latte");
Prsn[0].setAge(20);
Prsn[0].setGender('F');
Prsn[1] = new Person( );
Prsn[1].setName("Mr. Khalid");
Prsn[1].setAge(30);
Prsn[1].setGender(M');
.
.
.
.
}
}
Person Array Processing Sample 1

Create Person objects and set up the person array.
class Test {
public static void main (String[] args) {
String name, inpStr;
int
age;
char
gender;
Person [ ]prsn=new Person [20];
for (int i = 0; i < prsn.length; i++)
name = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null,"Enter name:");

age = Integer.parseInt(JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null,"Enter age:"));
inpStr = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null,"Enter gender:");
gender = inpStr.charAt(0);
prsn[i] = new Person( );
prsn[i].setName ( name
);
prsn[i].setAge
( age
);
prsn[i].setGender( gender );
}
}
}
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Inc. Permission required for
reproduction or display.
Chapter 10 - 78 rights reserved. 0132130807

Java Programming Chapter 8 Object Oriented Programming

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Java Programming Chapter 8 Object Oriented Programming

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Chapter 8 Objects and Classes

Object-oriented programming (OOP) involves programming

Once a class of items is defined, a specific instance of

Class and Object Example

Real World Objects

UML Class and Object Diagrams:

Template for Class

public String getName() {

customer = new Account();

Declaration vs. Creation

eclaration and Creation in one step

hussain= new Student();

Accessing members of a class

Referencing the objects data:

Invoking the objects method:

Example 1: Defining Classes and Creating

//Test class Teststudent definition

Second Example: Using the Bicycle Class

ownerName = Ben Jones

Example 2: Defining Classes and Creating Objects

data, and using methods.

//Assigns name of this bicycle's owner

1. Constructors must have the same name as the class

Example 3: Defining Classes with constructors and Creating Objects.

private String ownerName;

/* This sample program uses both

public void deduct(double amt) {

acct = new Account( );

public void setBalance (double bal) {

myName = "Jon Java";

public String getOwnerName( ) {

/** Construct a circle object */

/** Return the area of this circle */

Circle yourCircle = new Circle();

Trace Code, cont.

Circle yourCircle = new Circle();

Trace Code, cont.

myCircle reference value

Circle yourCircle = new Circle();

Assign object reference

Trace Code, cont.

myCircle reference value

Circle yourCircle = new Circle();

Trace Code, cont.

myCircle reference value

Circle yourCircle = new Circle();

Trace Code, cont.

myCircle reference value

Circle yourCircle = new Circle();

yourCircle reference value

Trace Code, cont.

myCircle reference value

Circle yourCircle = new Circle();

to invoke a method in the Math class. Can you invoke

More explanations will be given in the section on

Reference Data Fields

The null Value

Default Value for a Data Field

Compilation error: variables not

Differences between Variables of

Copying Variables of Primitive

As shown in the previous figure,

Garbage Collection, cont

TIP: If you know that an object is