BLUETOOTH

TECHNOLOGY

SUBMITTED TO :
SUBITTED BY:
Er. Ajay Kullar
Hitender Thakur
H.O.D. (CE & IT DEPTT.)
No. 006649005437
Shanky Kapil

Roll

BLUETOOTH
TECHNOLOGY
Bluetooth is a specification for the use of low-power
radio communications to wirelessly link phones,
computers and other network devices over short
distances. The name Bluetooth is borrowed from Harald
Bluetooth, a king in Denmark more than 1,000 years
ago.
Bluetooth technology was designed primarily to support
simple wireless networking of personal consumer
devices and peripherals, including cell phones, PDAs,
and wireless headsets. Wireless signals transmitted with
Bluetooth cover short distances, typically up to 30 feet
(10 meters). Bluetooth devices generally communicate at
less than 1 Mbps.

 Bluetooth networks feature a dynamic topology

called a piconet or PAN. Piconets contain a minimum
of two and a maximum of eight Bluetooth peer
devices. Devices communicate using protocols that
are part of the Bluetooth Specification. Definitions
for multiple versions of the Bluetooth specification
exist including versions 1.1, 1.2 and 2.0.
Although the Bluetooth standard utilizes the same
2.4 Ghz range as 802.11b and 802.11g, Bluetooth
technology is not a suitable Wi-Fi replacement.
Compared to Wi-Fi, Bluetooth networking is much
slower, a bit more limited in range, and supports
many fewer devices.
As is true for Wi-Fi and other wireless technologies
today, concerns with Bluetooth technology include
security and interoperability with other networking
standards. Bluetooth was ratified as IEEE 802.15.1.

DEFINITIONS
Bluetooth is an open wireless protocol for exchanging
data over short distances from fixed and mobile devices,
creating personal area networks (PANs). It was originally
conceived as a wireless alternative to RS232 data
cables. It can connect several devices, overcoming
problems of synchronization.
Bluetooth technology is a wireless protocol that connects
electronic devices while they are in close vicinity of one
another. Instead of creating a local-area network (LAN)
or a wide-area network (WAN), Bluetooth creates a
personal-area network (PAN) just for you.

ORIGIN OF THE NAME

The word Bluetooth is an version of
Old Norse Bltnn or Danish Bltand,
the name of the tenth-century king
Harald I of Denmark and Norway, who
united dissonant Scandinavian tribes
into a single kingdom. The implication
is that Bluetooth does the same with
communications protocols, uniting
them into one universal standard.

ORIGIN OF THE BLUETOOTH

LOGO

The Bluetooth logo design merges the

Germanic Runes analogous to the modern
Latin letters H and B: (for Harald Bluetooth) (
Hagall) and (Berkanan) merged together,
forming a Bind Rune.

WHAT IS BLUETOOTH
"Think of a connected world of electronic devices
and appliances around you! You click on an icon for
a device and you are linked to it, automatically and
transparently"
Bluetooth technology eliminates the need for
numerous and inconvenient cable attachments for
connecting fixed computers, mobile phones, mobile
computers, handheld devices, digital cameras and
even new breed of digital appliances. It will enable
users to connect a wide range of computing and
telecommunications devices easily and simply,
without the need to buy, carry, or connect cables quite often proprietary to a specific device. It
delivers opportunities for rapid ad hoc connections,
and the possibility of automatic, unconscious,
connections between devices. It creates the
possibility of using mobile data in a variety of
applications.

 Bluetooth is actually a standard for wireless

communications between devices in a personal area
network (PAN) using radio frequency for a short
range (around 10 meters). So any two devices that
follow the standard can communicate and exchange
data between each other without the need of any
connection to be made between them. A group of
Bluetooth devices like a mobile phone, a digital
camera, a hand held device etc. can instantly form a
network with each other as soon as they are
switched on. You could have a mobile phone in your
pocket and you could be sending e-mails using your
laptop without making any connection between your
laptop and the mobile. Your refrigerator could be
placing an order with the supermarket if your milk
supply has been exhausted using your mobile
phone.

Briefly, Bluetooth technology

uses radio waves in 2.4 GHz band - therefore,
no line of sight is required
supports multipoint, not just point to point
works in a small confined area - 10 to 15
meters apart
is able to support speeds of 1-2 Mbps today
but will offer higher speeds in future
chip sets are relatively inexpensive (though
more expensive than IrDA)- $10 to $20 today
in large quantities - will go down in future
has significant industry support with over
1800 members in the industry consortium

HOW BLUETOOTH WORKS

"Automatic communication between various
devices within a small area in a house or an
office makes it possible to provide unique
and innovative services to a professional
worker or a small group of workers using
portable devices. Bluetooth technology has
this potential and is coming along fast and
quick. It will replace clumsy wires, make
information transfer automatic without
synchronization cradles and introduce many
new applications. Technology visionaries
hope that it will do what infra red could not
do over the past six years."

 Bluetooth is a high-speed, low-power microwave wireless

link technology, designed to connect phones, laptops,
PDAs and other portable equipment together with little or
no work by the user. Unlike infra-red, Bluetooth does not
require line-of-sight positioning of connected units. The
technology uses modifications of existing wireless LAN
techniques but is most notable for its small size and low
cost. The current prototype circuits are contained on a
circuit board 0.9cm square, with a much smaller single
chip version in development. The cost of the device is
expected to fall very fast, from $20 initially to $5 in a year
or two. It is envisioned that Bluetooth will be included
within equipment rather than being an optional extra. When
one Bluetooth product comes within range of another, (this
can be set to between 10cm and 100m) they automatically
exchange address and capability details. They can then
establish a 1 megabit/s link (up to 2 Mbps in the second
generation of the technology) with security and error
correction, to use as required.

 This technology achieves its goal by

embedding tiny, inexpensive, short-range
transceivers into the electronic devices that
are available today. The radio operates on the
globally-available unlicensed radio band,
2.45 GHz (meaning there will be no hindrance
for international travelers using Bluetoothenabled equipment.), and supports data
speeds of up to 721 Kbps, as well as three
voice channels. The bluetooth modules can
be either built into electronic devices or used
as an adaptor. For instance in a PC they can
be built in as a PC card or externally attached
via the USB port.

 Each device has a unique 48-bit address

from the IEEE 802 standard. Connections can
be point-to-point or multipoint. The maximum
range is 10 meters but can be extended to
100 meters by increasing the power.
Bluetooth devices are protected from radio
interference by changing their frequencies
arbitrarily upto a maximum of 1600 times a
second, a technique known as frequency
hopping. They also use three different but
complimentary error correction schemes.
Built-in encryption and verification is
provided.

 Moreover, Bluetooth devices won't drain

precious
battery life.
The
Bluetooth
specification targets power consumption of
the device from a "hold" mode consuming 30
micro amps to the active transmitting range
of 8-30 milliamps (or less than 1/10th of a
watt). The radio chip consumers only 0.3mA
in standby mode, which is less than 3 % of
the power used by a standard mobile phone.
The chips also have excellent power-saving
features, as they will automatically shift to a
low-power mode as soon as traffic volume
lessens or stops.

 Bluetooth devices are classified according

to three different power classes, as shown
in the following table.
Power
Class

Maximum
Output

Power

100 mW

(20
dBm)

2
3

2.5 mW
1 mW

(4 dBm)
(0 dBm)

 But beyond untethering devices by replacing

the cables, Bluetooth radio technology
provides a universal bridge to existing data
networks, a peripheral interface, and a
mechanism to form small private ad hoc
groupings of connected devices away from
fixed network infrastructures. Designed to
operate in a noisy radio frequency
environment, the Bluetooth radio uses a fast
acknowledgment and frequency hopping
scheme to make the link robust. Bluetooth
radio modules avoid interference from other
signals by hopping to a new frequency after
transmitting or receiving a packet..

 Bluetooth guarantees security at the bit level.

Authentication is controlled by the user by
using a 128 bit key. Radio signals can be
coded with 8 bits or anything upto 128 bits.
The Bluetooth radio transmissions will
conform to the safety standards required by
the countries where the technology will be
used with respect to the affects of radio
transmissions
on
the
human
body.
Emissions from Bluetooth enabled devices
will be no greater than emissions from
industry-standard cordless phones. The
Bluetooth module will not interfere or cause
harm to public or private telecommunications
network.

 The Bluetooth baseband protocol is a combination

of circuit and packet switching. Slots can be
reserved for synchronous packets. Each packet is
transmitted in a different hop frequency. A packet
nominally covers a single slot, but can be extended
to cover up to five slots. Bluetooth can support an
asynchronous
data
channel,
up
to
three
simultaneous synchronous voice channels, or a
channel,
which
simultaneously
supports
asynchronous data and synchronous voice. It is thus
possible to transfer the date asynchronously whilst
at the same time talking synchronously at the same
time. Each voice channel supports 64 kb/s
synchronous (voice) link. The asynchronous channel
can support an asymmetric link of maximally 721
kb/s in either direction while permitting 57.6 kb/s in
the return direction, or a 432.6 kb/s symmetric link.

Modes of operation
An interesting aspect of the technology is the instant
formation of networks once the bluetooth devices
come in range to each other. A piconet is a collection
of devices connected via Bluetooth technology in an
ad hoc fashion. A Piconet can be a simple
connection between two devices or more than two
devices. Multiple independent and non-synchronized
piconets can form a scatternet. Any of the devices in
a piconet can also be a member of another by means
of time multiplexing. i.e a device can be a part of
more than one piconet by suitably sharing the time.
The Bluetooth system supports both point-to-point
and point-to-multi-point connections. When a device
is connected to another device it is a point to point
connection. If it is connected to more that one (upto
7 ) it is a point to multipoint connection. Several
piconets can be established and linked together ad
hoc, where each piconet is identified by a different
frequency hopping sequence.

 All users participating on the same piconet are

synchronized to this hopping sequence. If a device
is connected to more than one piconet it
communicates in each piconet using a different
hopping sequence. A piconet starts with two
connected devices, such as a portable PC and
cellular phone, and may grow to eight connected
devices. All Bluetooth devices are peer units and
have identical implementations. A 3-bit MAC address
is used to distinguish between units participating in
the piconet. Devices synchronized to a piconet can
enter power-saving modes called Sniff and hold
mode, in which device activity is lowered. Also there
can be parked units which are synchronized but do
not have a MAC addresses. These parked units have
a 8 bit address, therefore there can be a maximum of
256 parked devices.

 Voice channels use either a 64 kbps log PCM

or the Continuous Variable Slope Delta
Modulation (CVSD) voice coding scheme,
and never retransmit voice packets. The
voice quality on the line interface should be
better than or equal to the 64 kbps log PCM.
The CVSD method was chosen for its
robustness in handling dropped and
damaged voice samples. Rising interference
levels are experienced as increased
background noise: even at bit error rates up
4%, the CVSD coded voice is quite audible.

The Air Interface & Frequency Band

The Bluetooth air interface is based on a nominal
antenna power of 0dBm. The air interface complies with
the FCC rules for the ISM band at power levels up to
0dBm. Spectrum spreading has been added to facilitate
optional operation at power levels up to 100 mW
worldwide. Spectrum spreading is accomplished by
frequency hopping in 79 hops displaced by 1 MHz,
starting at 2.402 GHz and stopping at 2.480 GHz. Due to
local regulations the bandwidth is reduced in Japan,
France and Spain. An internal software switch handles
this. The maximum frequency ho
ping rate is 1600 hops/s. The nominal link range is 10
centimeters to 10 meters, but can be extended to more
than 100 meters by increasing the transmit power. The
Modulation is GFSK (Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying)
with a BT=0.5. The Modulation index must be between
0.28 and 0.35. A binary one is represented by a positive
frequency deviation, and a binary zero is represented by
a negative frequency deviation. The symbol timing shall

Applications
Bluetooth has a tremendous potential in
moving and synchronizing information in a
localized setting. Potential for Bluetooth
applications is huge, because we transact
business and communicate more with people
who are close by than with those who are far
away - a natural phenomenon of human
interaction. The following list represents only
a small set of potential applications - in
future many more imaginative applications
will come along:

 By installing a Bluetooth network in your

office you can do away with the complex and
tedious task of networking between the
computing devices, yet have the power of
connected devices. No longer would you be
bound to fixed locations where you can
connect to the network. Each Bluetooth
device could be connected to 200 other
devices making the connection of every
device with every other possible. Since it
supports both point to point and point to
multipoint it will virtually make the maximum
number of simultaneously linked devices
unlimited.

 The Bluetooth technology connects all your

office peripherals wirelessly. Connect your
PC or notebook to printers, scanners and
faxes without the ugly and trouble some
cable attachments. You can increase your
freedom by connecting your mouse or the
keyboard wirelessly to your computer.
If your digital cameras in Bluetooth enabled,
you can send still or video images from any
location to any location without the hassle of
connecting your camera to the mobile phone
on the wireline phone.

 Bluetooth allows us to have three way

phones. At home, your phone functions as a
portable phone (fixed line charge). When
you're on the move, it functions as a mobile
phone (cellular charge). And when your
phone comes within range of another mobile
phone with built-in Bluetooth wireless
technology it functions as a walkie-talkie (no
telephony charge).
In meetings and conferences you can
transfer selected documents instantly with
selected
participants,
and
exchange
electronic business cards automatically,
without any wired connections.

 Connect your wireless headset to your

mobile phone, mobile computer or any wired
connection to keep your hands free for more
important tasks when you're at the office or
in your car.
Have automatic synchronization of your
desktop, mobile computer, notebook (PCPDA and PC-HPC) and your mobile phone.
For instance, as soon as you enter your
office the address list and calendar in your
notebook will automatically be updated to
agree with the one in your desktop, or vice
versa.

 Automatic Message Delivery: Compose emails on your portable PC while you're on an

airplane. As soon as you've landed and
switched on your mobile phone, all
messages are immediately sent.
Upon arriving at your home, the door
automatically unlocks for you, the entry way
lights come on, and the heat is adjusted to
your pre-set preferences.

 IBM researchers are working on a number

of personal devices like a WatchPad that
could be connected with other devices
through Bluetooth. The Watch Pad is very
thin and contains 8MB of RAM. They are
also working on a version of CyberPhone
called CyberPhone - that can project data
onto a small mirror. The CyberPhone can
show as much information as a small PDA
because of high resolution VGA screen.

 You enter the airport-waiting lounge,

equipped
with
Bluetooth-enabled
Internet ports. Via the ports, you and
other guests use Bluetooth-enabled
laptops, PDAs, and other devices to
access your office or home-based
servers via the airline server. Using
voice-over IP, you also make "free"
Internet voice calls courtesy of your
airline.

The Current State of the

Technology
Bluetooth technology has moved fast in terms of standards
adoption, early release of chip sets and a few demo
products. Nonetheless, Bluetooth is in early stages of
development from the point of view of its adoption in
enduser applications.
To be more specific, Bluetooth technology is in a period
where first release of specifications have been developed
and adopted by the core members. Chips sets have been
developed by several vendors and have been released to
systems integrators. Software development kits have also
been released by major vendors. A number of developers
conferences have been held in Europe and North America.
Now, the second level of developers like 3COM and
extended Systems have got into the act to develop
systems development tools that business application
developers can use.

APPLIED BY VARIOUS
COMPANIES
The Ericsson Bluetooth Headset is a lightweight,
wireless mobile phone headset, with a built-in
Bluetooth radio chip that acts as a connector between
the headset and the Bluetooth plug on the Ericsson
phone. When your phone rings, you can answer by
simply pressing a key on the headset. If you want to
make a call, press the key on the headset and use
voice recognition to initiate the call. The phone can
be up to 10 meters (30 ft.) away, in a briefcase, your
coat pocket, or even in another room while you speak
and enjoy complete mobility without cables dangling
about. Weighing a mere 20 grams (0.75 oz.), the
Bluetooth Headset sits comfortably on either ear and
can be used with Ericsson T28, T28 WORLD and R320
cellular phones.

 Nokia displayed a Bluetooth headset that allows

users wireless communication with their mobile
phones over distances of up to 10 metres.
Nokia and Fujifilm have been developing a
prototype Mobile Imaging technology, allowing
a
modified
Nokia
9110
Communicator
containing a Bluetooth chip to receive images
taken on a Bluetooth equipped Fujifilm digital
camera. After adding a few lines of text, the
user can send the received photograph to
another Nokia Communicator, or to the Fujifilm
Web service, where it could be viewed, printed
or saved on a CD-R. By combining the ease of
SMS messaging with digital photography,
Mobile Imaging is a clear indication of the
potential of Bluetooth.

 The AutoPC is a Windows CE-based device

that combines a computer with a car radio. It
uses voice recognition technology to enable
hands-free communication for the driver and
enables mobile devices such as phones,
PDAs, notebooks, pagers and so on to be
docked.
Xircom demonstrated the capabilities of its
Compact Flash product by transferring voice
data file between two Windows CE palmsized PCs at a data rate of 721kB/sec. The
device looks like any ordinary Compact Flash
card, with the exception of a square plastic
antenna attached to one end.

Some Bluetooth enabled

products in the market:

Ericsson R520 Bluetooth/WAP/GPRS/Triband

Ericsson T36 Bluetooth/WAP/HSCSD/Triband
Alcatel OneTouch 700 GPRS, WAP, Bluetooth
TDK Bluetooth Product Range
Bluetooth-enabled Nokia 9110 linked to a
FujiFilm digital camera
Ericsson Bluetooth GSM Headset
Ericsson Communicator

Uses
In order to use Bluetooth, a device
must be compatible with certain
Bluetooth profiles. These define the
possible applications and uses of the
technology.

A typical Bluetooth mobile phone headset

Nokia BH-208 headset internals.

WIRELESS KEY BOARD AND MOUSE

BLUE TOOTH PC HEAD SET

SIZE OF A NORMAL BLUETOOTH

DEVICE

INTERNAL CHIP OF THE

BLUETOOTH

Operating system support

Apple
has
supported
Bluetooth
since
Mac OS X v10.2 which was released in 2002.[7]
For Microsoft platforms, Windows XP Service Pack 2
and later releases have native support for Bluetooth.
Previous versions required users to install their
Bluetooth adapter's own drivers, which were not
directly supported by Microsoft.[8] Microsoft's own
Bluetooth dongles (packaged with their Bluetooth
computer devices) have no external drivers and thus
require at least Windows XP Service Pack 2.
Linux has two popular Bluetooth stacks, BlueZ and
Affix. The BlueZ[9] stack is included with most Linux
kernels and was originally developed by Qualcomm.

Mobile phone requirements

A mobile phone that is Bluetooth enabled is
able to pair with many devices. To ensure the
broadest support of feature functionality
together with legacy device support, the
Open Mobile Terminal Platform (OMTP) forum
has recently published a recommendations
paper,
entitled
"Bluetooth
Local
Connectivity"; see external links below to
download this paper.
This publication recommends two classes,
Basic and Advanced, with requirements that
cover imaging, printing, stereo audio and incar usage.

Specifications and features

The Bluetooth specification was developed in 1994
by Jaap Haartsen and Sven Mattisson, who were
working for Ericsson Mobile Platforms in Lund,
Sweden.[10] The specification is based on
frequency-hopping spread spectrum technology.
The specifications were formalized by the
Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG). The SIG was
formally announced on May 20, 1998. Today it has a
membership of over 11,000 companies worldwide. It
was established by Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Toshiba, and
Nokia, and later joined by many other companies.

Bluetooth 1.0 and 1.0B

Versions 1.0 and 1.0B had many problems,
and manufacturers had difficulty making
their products interoperable. Versions 1.0
and 1.0B also included mandatory Bluetooth
hardware
device
address
(BD_ADDR)
transmission in the Connecting process
(rendering anonymity impossible at the
protocol level), which was a major setback
for certain services planned for use in
Bluetooth environments.

Bluetooth 1.1
Ratified as IEEE Standard 802.15.1-2002.
Many errors found in the 1.0B
specifications were fixed.
Added support for non-encrypted
channels.
Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI
).

Bluetooth 1.2
This version is backward compatible with 1.1 and the
major enhancements include the following:
Faster Connection and Discovery
Adaptive frequency-hopping spread spectrum (AFH),
which
improves
resistance
to
radio frequency interference by avoiding the use of
crowded frequencies in the hopping sequence.
Higher transmission speeds in practice, up to 721
kbit/s, than in 1.1.
Extended Synchronous Connections (eSCO), which
improve voice quality of audio links by allowing
retransmissions of corrupted packets, and may
optionally increase audio latency to provide better
support for concurrent data transfer.
Host Controller Interface (HCI) support for three-wire
UART.
Ratified as IEEE Standard 802.15.1-2005.

Bluetooth 2.0
This version of the Bluetooth specification was
released on November 10, 2004. It is backward
compatible with the previous version 1.2. The
main difference is the introduction of an
Enhanced
Data
Rate
(EDR)
for
faster data transfer. The nominal rate of EDR is
about 3 megabits per second, although the
practical data transfer rate is 2.1 megabits per
second. The additional throughput is obtained by
using a different radio technology for transmission
of the data. Standard, or Basic Rate, transmission
uses Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying (GFSK)
modulation of the radio signal with a gross air
data rate of 1 Mbit/s. EDR uses a combination of
GFSK and Phase Shift Keying modulation (PSK)
with two variants, /4-DQPSK and 8DPSK.
These have gross air data rates of 2, and 3 Mbit/s

According to the 2.0 specification, EDR

provides the following benefits:
Three times faster transmission speed
up to 10 times (2.1 Mbit/s) in some
cases.
Reduced
complexity
of
multiple
simultaneous connections due to
additional bandwidth.
Lower power consumption through a
reduced duty cycle.

Bluetooth 2.1

1.

Bluetooth Core Specification Version 2.1 is

fully backward compatible with 1.2, and was
adopted by the Bluetooth SIG on July 26,
2007.his specification includes the following
features :Encryption Pause Resume: enables an
encryption key to be refreshed, enabling
much stronger encryption for connections
that stay up for longer than 23.3 hours (one
Bluetooth day).

Sniff
subrating:
reduces
the
power
consumption when devices are in the sniff lowpower mode, especially on links with asymmetric
data flows. Human interface devices (HID) are
expected to benefit the most, with mouse and
keyboard devices increasing their battery life by
a factor of 3 to 10. It lets devices decide how
long they will wait before sending keepalive
messages to one another. Previous Bluetooth
implementations featured keep alive message
frequencies of up to several times per second. In
contrast, the 2.1 specification allows pairs of
devices to negotiate this value between them to
as infrequently as once every 5 or 10 seconds.

Extended inquiry response: provides more

information during the inquiry procedure to allow
better filtering of devices before connection. This
information includes the name of the device, a
list of services the device supports, plus other
information like the time of day and pairing
information.
Secure Simple Pairing: radically improves the
pairing experience for Bluetooth devices, while
increasing the use and strength of security. It is
expected that this feature will significantly
increase the use of Bluetooth.

Bluetooth 3.0
The 3.0 specification[12] was adopted
by the Bluetooth SIG on April 21st,
2009. Its main new feature is AMP
(Alternate MAC/PHY), the addition of
Wi-Fi as a high speed transport. Two
technologies had been anticipated for
AMP: Wi-Fi and UWB, but UWB is
missing from the specification

 Broadcast Channel: enables Bluetooth information

points. This will drive the adoption of Bluetooth into
mobile phones, and enable advertising models
based around users pulling information from the
information points, and not based around the object
push model that is used in a limited way today.
Topology Management: enables the automatic
configuration of the piconet topologies especially in
scatternet situations that are becoming more
common today. This should all be invisible to the
users of the technology, while also making the
technology just work.
Improvements: enable audio and video data to be
transmitted at a higher quality, especially when best
effort traffic is being transmitted in the same piconet
.

Bluetooth low energy

On June 12, 2007, Nokia and Bluetooth SIG
announced that Wibree will be a part of the
Bluetooth specification, as an ultra-low
power Bluetooth technology.[18] Expected
use cases include watches displaying Caller
ID information, sports sensors monitoring
your heart rate during exercise, and medical
devices. The Medical Devices Working Group
is also creating a medical devices profile and
associated protocols to enable this market.
Bluetooth low energy technology is designed
for devices to have a battery life of up to one
year.

Technical information
Bluetooth protocol stack
Bluetooth is defined as a layer protocol
architecture consisting of core protocols,
cable replacement protocols, telephony
control protocols, and adopted protocols.
Mandatory protocols for all Bluetooth stacks
are: LMP, L2CAP and SDP
Additionally, these protocols are almost
universally supported: HCI and RFCOMM

L2CAP (Logical Link Control & Adaptation Protocol)

Used to multiplex multiple logical connections between
two devices using different higher level protocols.
Provides segmentation and reassembly of on-air
packets. In basic mode, L2CAP provides reliable
sequenced packets with a payload configurable up to
64kB, with 672 bytes as the minimum mandatory
supported size. In retransmission & flow control modes,
L2CAP can be configured for reliable or isochronous
data per channel by configuring the number of
retransmissions and flush timeout.
The EL2CAP specification adds an additional "enhanced
mode" to the core specification, which is an improved
version of retransmission & flow control modes.

SDP (Service Discovery Protocol)

Used to allow devices to discover what services each
other support, and what parameters to use to connect to
them. For example, when connecting a mobile phone to
a Bluetooth headset, SDP will be used to determine
which Bluetooth profiles are supported by the headset (
Headset Profile,
Hands Free Profile,
Advanced Audio Distribution Profile etc) and the protocol
multiplexer settings needed to connect to each of them.
Each
service
is
identified
by
a
Universally Unique Identifier (UUID), with official services
(Bluetooth profiles) assigned a short form UUID (16 bits
rather than the full 128)

HCI (Host/Controller Interface)

Standardised communication between the host
stack (e.g. a PC or mobile phone OS) and the
controller (the Bluetooth I.C.) This standard
allows the host stack or controller I.C. to be
swapped with minimal adaptation.
There are several HCI transport layer standards,
each using a different hardware interface to
transfer the same command, event and data
packets. The most commonly used are USB (in
PCs) and UART (in mobile phones and PDAs).

RFCOMM (Cable replacement protocol)

Radio frequency communications (RFCOMM) is
the cable replacement protocol used to create a
virtual serial data stream. RFCOMM provides for
binary data transport and emulates EIA-232
(formerly RS-232) control signals over the
Bluetooth baseband layer.
RFCOMM provides a simple reliable data stream
to the user, similar to TCP. It is used directly by
many telephony related profiles as a carrier for
AT commands, as well as being a transport layer
for OBEX over Bluetooth.

BNEP
(Bluetooth Network Encapsulation Protocol)
BNEP is used to transfer another protocol
stack's data via an L2CAP channel. Its main
purpose is the transmission of IP packets in the
Personal Area Networking Profile. BNEP
performs a similar function to SNAP in Wireless
LAN.

AVCTP (Audio/Visual Control Transport Protocol)

Used by the remote control profile to transfer AV/C
commands over an L2CAP channel. The music
control buttons on a stereo headset use this
protocol to control the music player
AVDTP (Audio/Visual Data Transport Protocol)
Used by the advanced audio distribution profile to
stream music to stereo headsets over an L2CAP
channel. Intended to be used by video distribution
profile.

Telephone control protocol

Telephony control protocol-binary (TCS BIN) is
the bit-oriented protocol that defines the call
control signaling for the establishment of voice
and data calls between Bluetooth devices.
Additionally, TCS BIN defines mobility
management procedures for handling groups of
Bluetooth TCS devices
TCS-BIN is only used by the cordless telephony
profile, which failed to attract implementers. As
such it is only of historical interest.

 Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) Internet standard

protocol for transporting IP datagrams over a point-topoint link
TCP/IP/UDP Foundation Protocols for TCP/IP
protocol suite
Object Exchange Protocol (OBEX) Session-layer
protocol for the exchange of objects, providing a
model for object and operation representation
Wireless Application Environment / Wireless
Application Protocol (WAE/WAP) WAE specifies
an application framework for wireless devices and
WAP is an open standard to provide mobile users
access to telephony and information services.

Communication and connection

A master Bluetooth device can communicate with up to
seven devices in a Wireless User Group. This network
group of up to eight devices is called a piconet.
A piconet is an ad-hoc computer network, using Bluetooth
technology protocols to allow one master device to
interconnect with up to seven active devices. Up to 255
further devices can be inactive, or parked, which the
master device can bring into active status at any time.
At any given time, data can be transferred between the
master and one other device, however, the devices can
switch roles and the slave can become the master at any
time. The master switches rapidly from one device to
another in a round-robin fashion. (Simultaneous
transmission from the master to multiple other devices is
possible, but not used much.)

Setting up connections
Any Bluetooth device will transmit the following information on
demand:
Device name.
Device class.
List of services.
Technical information, for example, device features,
manufacturer, Bluetooth specification used, clock offset.
Any device may perform an inquiry to find other devices to
connect to, and any device can be configured to respond to
such inquiries. However, if the device trying to connect knows
the address of the device, it always responds to direct
connection requests and transmits the information shown in the
list above if requested. Use of a device's services may require
pairing or acceptance by its owner, but the connection itself can
be initiated by any device and held until it goes out of range.
Some devices can be connected to only one device at a time,
and connecting to them prevents them from connecting to other
devices and appearing in inquiries until they disconnect from the
other device.

Pairing
Pairs of devices may establish a trusted relationship by
learning (by user input) a shared secret known as a passkey. A
device that wants to communicate only with a trusted device
can cryptographically authenticate the identity of the other
device. Trusted devices may also encrypt the data that they
exchange over the airwaves so that no one can listen in. The
encryption can, however, be turned off, and passkeys are
stored on the device file system, not on the Bluetooth chip
itself. Since the Bluetooth address is permanent, a pairing is
preserved, even if the Bluetooth name is changed. Pairs can
be deleted at any time by either device. Devices generally
require pairing or prompt the owner before they allow a remote
device to use any or most of their services. Some devices,
such as mobile phones, usually accept OBEX electronic
business cards and notes without any pairing or prompts.

 Certain printers and access points allow any

device to use their services by default, much
like unsecured Wi-Fi networks. Pairing
algorithms are sometimes manufacturerspecific for transmitters and receivers used
in applications such as music and
entertainment.
Bluetooth 2.1 has an optional "touch-to-pair"
feature based on Near Field Communication
(NFC). By simply bringing two devices into
very close range (around 10 cm/4 in), pairing
can securely take place without entering a
passkey or manual configuration.

Air interface
The protocol operates in the license-free
ISM band at 2.4-2.4835 GHz. To avoid
interfering with other protocols that use the
2.45 GHz band, the Bluetooth protocol
divides the band into 79 channels (each
1 MHz wide) and changes channels up to
1600 times per second. Implementations with
versions 1.1 and 1.2 reach speeds of 723.1
kbit/s. Version 2.0 implementations feature
Bluetooth Enhanced Data Rate (EDR) and
reach 2.1 Mbit/s. Technically, version 2.0
devices have a higher power consumption,
but the three times faster rate reduces the
transmission times, effectively reducing
power consumption to half that of 1.x
devices (assuming equal traffic load).

Security
Bluetooth implements confidentiality, authentication
and key derivation with custom algorithms based on the
SAFER+ block cipher. In Bluetooth, key generation is
generally based on a Bluetooth PIN, which must be
entered into both devices. This procedure might be
modified if one of the devices has a fixed PIN, e.g. for
headsets or similar devices with a restricted user
interface. During pairing, an initialization key or master
key is generated, using the E22 algorithm.[21] The E0
stream cipher is used for encrypting packets, granting
confidentiality and is based on a shared cryptographic
secret, namely a previously generated link key or
master key. Those keys, used for subsequent
encryption of data sent via the air interface, rely on the
Bluetooth PIN, which has been entered into one or both
devices.

 In September 2008, the National Institute of

Standards and Technology (NIST) published a
Guide to Bluetooth Security that will serve as
reference to organization on the security
capabilities of Bluetooth and steps for securing
Bluetooth
technologies
effectively.
While
Bluetooth has its benefits, it is susceptible to
denial of service attacks, eavesdropping, man-inthe-middle attacks, message modification, and
resource misappropriation. Users/organizations
must evaluate their acceptable level of risk and
incorporate security into the lifecycle of
Bluetooth devices. To help mitigate risks,
included in the NIST document are security
checklists with guidelines and recommendations
for creating and maintaining secure Bluetooth
piconets, headsets, and smart card readers.

Bluejacking
Bluejacking is the sending of either a
picture or a message from one user to an
unsuspecting user through Bluetooth
wireless
technology.
Common
applications are short messages (e.g.
"Youve
just
been
bluejacked!"),
advertisements (e.g. "Eat at Joes"), and
business information. Bluejacking does
not involve the removal or alteration of
any data from the device.

The
World Health Organization
has
acknowledged
that
electromagnetic fields
(EMFs) are influencing the environment (but not
people), and that some people are worried about
possible effects.[1] In response to public
concern, the World Health Organization
established the International EMF Project in
1996 to assess the scientific evidence of
possible health effects of EMF in the frequency
range from 0 to 300 GHz. They have stated that
although
extensive
research
has
been
conducted into possible health effects of
exposure to many parts of the frequency
spectrum, all reviews conducted so far have
indicated that exposures are below the limits
recommended in the ICNIRP (1998) EMF
guidelines, covering the full frequency range
from 0-300 GHz, and do not produce any known
adverse health effect

 International guidelines on exposure levels

to microwave frequency EMFs such as
ICNIRP limit the power levels of wireless
devices and it is uncommon for wireless
devices to exceed the guidelines. These
guidelines only take into account thermal
effects, as nonthermal effects have not been
conclusively demonstrated.[2] The official
stance of the Health Protection Agency is
that [T]here is no consistent evidence to
date that WiFi and WLANs adversely affect
the health of the general population. And
also that ...it is a sensible precautionary
approach...to keep the situation under
ongoing review....

Wireless LAN
EMF levels for WiFi devices are much lower than mobile
phones, and there is less public concern about any
suggested health issues for wireless LAN devices. Most
wireless LAN equipment is designed to work within
predefined standards. Wireless access points are also
often in close proximity to humans, but the drop off in the
already low power over distance is fast, following the
inverse-square law. WiFi has been anecdotally linked to
electromagnetic hypersensitivity, but no studies have
researched this association to date.
The HPA's position is that ...radio frequency (RF)
exposures from WiFi are likely to be lower than those from
mobile phones. It also saw ...no reason why schools and
others should not use WiFi equipment.[3] In October 2007,
the HPA launched a new systematic study into the effects
of WiFi networks on behalf of the UK government, in order
to calm fears that had appeared in the media in a recent
period up to that time".[5] Dr Michael Clark, of the HPA,
says published research on mobile phones and masts
does not add up to an indictment of WiFi

IrDA vs Bluetooth
If you examine the benefits of each technology,
you can see that Bluetooth and IrDA are both
critical to the marketplace. Each technology has
advantages and drawbacks and neither can meet
all users' needs. Bluetooth's ability to penetrate
solid objects and its capability for maximum
mobility within the piconet allows for data
exchange applications that are very difficult or
impossible with IrDA. For example, with
Bluetooth a person could synchronize their
phone with a PC without taking the phone out of
their pocket or purse (this is not possible with
IrDA).
The
omni-directional
capability of
Bluetooth allows synchronization to start when
the phone is brought into range of the PC.

 The Bluetooth standard defines the

layers 1 and 2 of the OSI model. The
application framework of Bluetooth is
aimed to achieve interoperability with
IrDA and WAP. In addition, a host of
other applications will be able to use
the
Bluetooth
technology
and
protocols.

SWAP vs Bluetooth
Currently SWAP has more installed base compared
to Bluetooth but it is believed that Bluetooth is
eventually going to prevail. Bluetooth is a
technology to connect devices without cables. The
intended use is to provide short-range connections
between mobile devices and to the Internet via
bridging devices to different networks (wired and
wireless) that provide Internet capability. HomeRF
SWAP is a wireless technology optimized for the
home environment. Its primary use is to provide
data networking and dial tones between devices
such as PCs, cordless phones, Web Tablets and a
broadband cable or DSL modem. Both technologies
share the same frequency spectrum but do not
interfere when operating in the same space.

Future
Bluetooth has a good future ahead because it meets
a basic need of connectivity in close proximity, is the
result of initiatives of nine leading communications
and computer industry vendors including companies
like 3-COM, Ericsson, Lucent, IBM, Intel, Microsoft,
Nokia, Toshiba etc. Since the formation of the
original group, more than 1800 manufacturers
worldwide have joined the initiative worldwide.
According to one market research report, Bluetooth
technology is expected to be built into over 100
millions devices before the end of 2002. According
to still another report from market research firm
Cahners In-Stat Group, there will be over 670 million
Bluetooth enabled devices worldwide by 2005.

As a result of success of WAP (Wireless Application

Protocol), adoption of smart phones and handheld
devices, Bluetooth will have tremendous effects on
everyday life. Bluetooth is one of the key
technologies that can make the mobile information
society possible, blurring the boundaries between
home, the office, and the outside world. The
seamless connectivity promised by Bluetooth makes
it possible to explore a range of interactive and
highly transparent personalized services which were
even difficult to dream of because of the complexity
involved in making various devices talk to each
other. Already many Bluetooth pilot products have
rolled into the market backed by big vendors, which
is a very healthy sign for the acceptance of the
technology. The support for Bluetooth is not limited
to companies developing Bluetooth enabled
products only.

 Bluetooth applications can have far reaching impacts

on many other industries as well. Bluetooth
technology adoption is expected to be widespread
throughout the computer and telecommunications
industry. Implementation of the Bluetooth technology
is expected to grow the market for personal mobile
devices and indirectly increase airtime usage for
wireless data. Over the long term. manufacturers will
also benefit from the ability to replace multiple
connection ports with a single Bluetooth module,
gaining economies at the production level. The
Bluetooth SIG has defined favorable adoption terms,
including open, royalty-free availability of the
specification and is playing an important role in
spreading the technology.

Tentative Timetable for Bluetooth

Products and Adoption

1994Ericsson starts a project to study inexpensive interface between

cellular phones and their accessoriesMar. 1998IBM, Intel, Nokia and
Toshiba form Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG)Nov. 1999At CTIA,
great excitement with over 1000 companies in the Bluetooth SIG.
Conceptual framework - no products, no specificationsDec.
1999Version 1.0b of Bluetooth specifications released End 2000Limited
product prototypes based on version 1.0b availableNovember 2000Comdex Less enthusiasm than the previous year. A few products being
demonstrated - Compaq released card. Some SDKs released April
2001Version 1.1 of specifications released. Bluetooth radios in $30-40
range - More PC cards announced. Bluetooth server products in trade
shows - No products for customers to buy.Mid 2002 Products with
integrated Bluetooth expected in the market - cost and prices of
Bluetooth-enabled devices will still stay somewhat high. Downward
spiral will at this time. .End 2002Most advanced 2.5G and 3G smart
phones
with
Bluetooth;
some
PDAs
with
Bluetooth
synchronization2003-2004 Radio prices for vendors expected to go
down to $5-10 - more widespread - Enterprise and home users may
start buying Bluetooth-enabled devices. Limited replacement of fixed
wiring with Bluetooth-enabled devices.Post 2005Bluetooth may start
having major impact on short-distance networking and accessory
connectivity

Bluetooth Versus 802.11b

Wireless LANs
There is a debate going on regarding
the merits of two technologies, rather
three technologies - Wireless LANs,
Bluetooth and wide area wireless
networks. The protagonists (generally
the
vendors
or
consultants
experienced in only one technology)
extend the capabilities of their favorite
technology against the other.

Bluetooth has lower distance range ( less than 30 feet)

than 802.11b (up to 200 feet). Therefore, you would need
many more access points to cover the same area of an
office. Simple mathematics will show that you may need
as many as 20-50 times the number of access points.
Bluetooth has generally lower speed than that of 802.11b
wireless LANs.
Bluetooth components (chips and radios) and device
adapters are cheaper than wireless LAN components and
adapters.
Bluetooth chips have lower power consumption - less
drain on battery.
Bluetooth is more appropriate and affordable technology
for communication between smart phones and other
accessories or between PDAs and information kiosks.
Bluetooth is younger technology, and therefore is less
mature. However, it has a huge following. Purely because
of the potential and future expectation built by the
Bluetooth vendors, there were over 2000 vendors signed
up as members of Bluetooth forum There is a good
developers following as well. Wireless LAN industry is

It is not fair to run comparisons between Bluetooth and

WLAN regarding the number of chips being shipped or
expected to be shipped for either technology. Because of
its price and the type of products where it is going into,
Bluetooth will soon surpass 802.11 chip shipments but
dollar volume might still be smaller for some time.
Ultimately, Bluetooth dollar volume is expected to catch
up.
Bluetooth will go beyond cable replacement in short
distances between handheld devices and handheld
devices and a kiosk or local server. It will meet the needs
of connecting devices at the edge node of a network.
Bluetooth and wireless LANs address different wireless
connectivity requirements. Therefore, the two
technologies need not and should not compete with each
other. If Bluetooth community would not get offended,
802.11b is the big brother and Bluetooth is the younger
brother.
We also see emergence of technologies that bring the
two together. Bluetooth access points like Red-M's 1050
connect Bluetooth devices to wireless LANs. See Multi
Mode Access Point page on our site.

Coexistence of Bluetooth and

WiFi
Several vendors ( Intersil, Silicon Wave and
Mobilian) are building chips that will support
both technologies in the same card. This will
enable each of the two technologies to be used
for what they are best suited to do. Chip set
provider Intersil and Bluetooth radio maker
Silicon Wave annunced reference design that
allows simultaneous operation of two protocols.
Both operate in the same band. The vendors
seems to be addressing interference issues
between the two technologies. Blue802
technology uses a time-slicing technique in
which two protocols switch back and forth fast
enough to give the appearance of simultaneous
operation.

CONCLUSION
Bluetooth technology is a wireless protocol that connects
electronic devices while they are in close vicinity of one
another. Instead of creating a local-area network (LAN) or a
wide-area network (WAN), Bluetooth creates a personalarea
network
(PAN)
just
for
you.
Cell phones, for example, can be paired with wireless
Bluetooth
headsets.
When used in tandem with a Bluetooth-enabled cell phone
and successfully paired, you can leave your cell phone in
your pocket and perform most of your mobile phones
functions using your in-ear Bluetooth headset.In addition
to being paired with cell phones, short-range Bluetooth
technology is also compatible with personal computers,
laptops, printers, GPS receivers, digital cameras,
telephones, video game consoles and more for various
practical functions. And no doubt the future of the
Bluetooth is very bright and secure, due its unique
technology.

THANKS
FOR
YOUR
COOPREATION