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By M. Khurram Saeed
Temperature Measurement
Methods
Mechanical or Non-Electric Methods
Liquid in glass thermometer change in pressure
Constant volume gas thermometer
Bimetallic thermometer
Electric Method
Thermistors
Thermocouple
Radiation methods
Total radiation pyrometer
Selective radiation pyrometer
Infrared pyrometer
What is thermometer
Glass thermometer
Application like open liquid tank, air ducts, stream line, cooking kettle
etc.
Galileo Thermometer
It consists of mercury filed bulb, flexible capillary tube and the bourdon
tube.
When the steel bulb is heated the mercury level in the bulb expands and
hence temperature on the bourdon tube is increases.
Due to this the free end of the bourdon tube moves on the calibrated
scale and indicates the temperature.
Advantages
Simple and inexpensive design
Remote indication upto 100 m is possible
Fairly good response, accuracy and sensitive.
Easily attached to pen recorder.
Bimetallic thermometer
RTD geometry
Types of RTD
Advantages
Expensive
Current source required
Stable
Very accurate
Applications
Air conditioning and refrigeration serving
Food processing
Stoves and grills
Textile production
Plastic processing
Micro electronics
Air ,gas and liquid measurement
Exhaust gas temperature measurement
Thermistors
How it works? Like RTD
use the fact that
resistance of the metal
change with
temperature.
Make up? Generally
made up of
semiconductor metals.
Temperature range
-60oC to 200oC.
Disadvantages
Output is a non linear
function.
Limited temperature
range.
No 4-wire bridge is
requires as in RTD
fragile
Self heating
Thermocouples
How it works? It made
up of two different
metals joined at one
end produce small
voltage at given
temperature.
Made up of two
different metals.
temperature range
-9oC to 750oC.
disadvantages
Rugged
Needs a reference
Simple
point
inexpensive
Accuracy-RTD or thermistor
Sensitivity-thermistor
Speed-thermistor
Pyrometer
Pyrometer derived from greek root pyro mean fire.
A pyrometer is a non contact instrument that detects an objects
surface temperature by measuring temperature of
electromagnetic radiation infrared or visible) emitted from
object.
Idea: every object whose temperature is above absolute zero
emits radiation.
Advantages of pyrometer
High temperature measurement
Fast response
No adverse effect on temperature and
material
Measuring moving objects
Measuring objects which are difficult to
access.
Infrared thermometer
They work by focusing infrared heat
into a sensor that can convert
infrared energy into temperature
units
Detect IR radiation (=0.7 -1000m)
Non contact
Wide range (30oC to 4500oC)
Accuracy: 1% of reading
Benefits
Can be used for
Moving objects
Non contact
application where
sensor would
affect results or
difficult to insert
or condition are
hazards.
Large distances
Very high range.
references
Industrial instrumentation and control by S.K Singh
www.authorstream.com/temperaturemeasurements