Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Training
T H Azad Ali
Haldia Petrochemicals Limited
Haldia
Explosion Triangle
Generally the requirements for an
explosion to take place are:
Flammable substance
Oxygen (air)
Source of ignition
may
Responsibilities
On the instruction of SIC, he carries out gas test ( to ensure the
absence of flammable atmosphere), oxygen test and/or toxicity and
enters into permit.
Regular checking at inerval is also AGSTs responsibility.
In the case of high risk jobs like confined space entry, hot work in
tank farm the tests may need endorsement from the central
laboratory.
In case of any abnormalities after start of job, AGST should stop
job
Confined Space
The confined space can be defined as
*an enclosed or partially enclosed space,
*where entry is possible.
*which may be situated either below or above,
the ground or deck level.
*there is a likelihood of hazard of oxygen
deficiency/enrichment or
*accumulation of dust, mist, gases or vapours
which are irritants, hazardous to health
(toxic or corrosion or flammable)
Tanks
Manholes
Boilers
Furnaces
Sewers
Silos
Hoppers
Vaults
Pipes
Trenches
Tunnels
Ducts
Bins
Pits
Combustibles
Methane
Hydrogen
Acetylene
Propane
Gasoline fumes
Toxic Materials
Carbon Monoxide
Hydrogen Sulfide
Welding fumes
Corrosives
Electricity
Mechanical Hazards
Mixers
Crushers
Noise
Engulfment hazard
Flammable Atmospheres
2 Critical Factors:
EXPLOSIVE RANGE
Scale that indicates the explosive
nature of gases or vapors
Relationship of the concentration of
the vapor present, its temperature &
pressure
Expressed as percent by volume in
air
EXPLOSIVE RANGE
If Explosive Range If Explosive Range
falls below the
is above the
Lower Explosive
maximum explosive
Limit (LEL), the
range or Upper
mixture of air and
Explosive Limit
vapor is too lean for
(UEL), the mixture
an explosion
of vapor and air is
too rich to be
explosive
LEAN
0%
RICH
LEL
UEL
40
30
20
10
50
60
70
80
90
100
100%
GAS CONCENTRATION
(MIXTURE IN AIR)
100%
TOO RICH FOR COMBUSTION
UEL
COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURE
LEL
TOO LEAN FOR COMBUSTION
0%
Upper and Lower Flammability Levels
Toxic Atmospheres
Exposure Limits
Air Contaminants
OSHA
PEL, STEL, Ceiling
NIOSH
TWA, STEL, Ceiling
ACGIH
TWA, STEL, Ceiling
Exposure Limits
Air Contaminants
TWA
takes into account variable exposure through a full
shift, 8 hour work day
STEL
limit of exposure during a short period, 15 minutes
CEILING
absolute maximum level of exposure not to be
exceeded
Hydrogen Sulfide
Effect
10 ppm
50 - 100
200 - 300
500 -700
>1000
Time
8 Hours
1 Hour
1 Hour
1/2 - 1 Hour
Minutes
Carbon Monoxide
Effect
50
200
600
1000-2000
1000-2000
1000-2000
2000-2500
Time
8 Hours
3 Hours
1 Hour
2 Hours
1 1/2 Hours
30 Min.
30 Min.
Poor Air
Deadly Air
Equipments
Multigas Detector
MSA Multigas Detector
Explosimeters or LEL Detectors
MSA Manual Explosimeter
Draeger LEL Detector
DI Explosimeter
Oxygen meter
Draeger Oxygen Meter
DI Oxygen Meter
MSA oxygen meter.
O & )
Equipment Details
Measuring range
Ex approval
Operating Temp
Humidity
Storage Temp
Power Supply
Operating time
Freq. Of charging
Sound level (Alarm)
Dust water protection
Dimension
Weight
Limitation Explosimeter
*Oxygen required for combustion is taken from the ambient
air.
*In case of Oxygen deficient atmosphere, LEL detector will not
show proper reading.
*In case conc. above LEL, sensitivity of detector reduces as air
required for combustion is displaced. But compensator
element measures the thermal conductivity of air and
displays the
reading according to the value.
Company
Details:
Pac
Approval
: Drager , German
Operating Principle
The dragger O2 sensor is an electrochemical transducer for measuring the O 2
concentration in the atmosphere.
The ambient air to be monitored diffuses through a diffusion barrier into the
liquid electrolyte of the sensor.
The electrolyte contains a measuring electrode, a counter electrode and a
reference electrode.
An external potentiostat circuit provides for a constant bias between the
measuring electrode and the reference electrode. This voltage, the electrolyte
and the electrode materials are selected such that O 2 is electrochemically
converted at the measuring electrode.
During this process the current flows which is proportional to the O 2
concentration which is shown as reading in.
General Precautions
Do not leave the meter switched on when not in use as this will run the
batteries down
100 %
as
on
test
When using the sampling extension tube, remember that at least one
extra aspiration ( squeezing of rubber bulb) is required for
every metre of 6 mm (diameter ) tubing.
Any Questions?????????!!!!!!!!!!!!
THE END