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and
alloys-
Heat treatment
Heat Treatment is the controlled heating and cooling of metals to
alter their physical and mechanical properties without changing
the product shape.
Heat treatment
heating and cooling of a metal or alloy in the solid state for the
purpose of obtaining desired change in properties.
Process include:
Heating the metal to pre determined temperature.
Holding the metal at that temp until the structure becomes uniform
throughout the mass.
Cooling at pre determined rate to cause formation of desired change.
Annealing
Normalizing
Hardening
Tempering
Case hardening
i.
Carburizing
ii.
Cyaniding
iii.
Nitriding
F.
Surface hardening
i.
Induction hardening
ii.
Flame hardening
Diffusion coating
G.
ANNEALING
Slow heating the steel slightly above (30-50C) the upper
critical point (AC3) for hypo eutectoid (GS) and the same
amount above lower critical temp (PSK) for the hyper
eutectoid steel.
Holding it at this temp to enable the internal changes to
take place. ( Approx. 3to 4 min per each mm thickness).
Slow cooling in sand. (30 - 200C per hour)
Annealing
Cast steel
Annealed steel
Aims
To soften the steel and to improve machinability.
To relieve internal stresses induced by some
previous treatment (rolling, forging, uneven cooling).
To remove coarseness of grain.
To refine the grain size and structure to
strength and ductility.
To alter electrical and magnetic properties.
improve
Annealed products
Normalizing
Heating the steel to a temperature just above the upper
critical point (30-50oC) above AC3 line for hypo eutectoid
steel GS and for hyper eutectoid ACm (GSE) within the
normalizing range,
Holding at this temperature for a period of time (15 min)
Cooling in still air to room temp.
To produce a harder & stronger steel than annealing
To improve the machinability.
To modify and refine the grain structure
Cast steel
Annealed steel
Normalized steel
This
process
provides
homogeneous
structure
Hardening
The heating operation is required form the purpose
of transforming the ferrite and pearlite
for hypo
Hardening
Heating the steel to a
temperature
above
the
critical point (30-50oC) above
AC3line;
Holding it at this temperature
for a considerable period;
Quenching (sudden cooling)
in water, oil/molten salt
solution.
This is done to develop hardness to resist wear and to
improve strength, elasticity, ductility and toughness and
to enable it to cut other metals
Tempering
The steel hardened by rapid quenching is very hard and
brittle. It also contains internal stresses, which are severe
and unequally distributed to cause cracks or even rupture
of hardened steel.
Tempering is a process done subsequent to quench
hardening.
Quench-hardened
parts
are
often
too
brittle.
This
Lecture- 7
Heat treatment processes
Carburizing
Cyaniding
Nitriding
Induction hardening
Flame hardening
Precipitation hardening
Case hardening
In engineering applications, it is desirable that steel being
used should have hardened surface to resist wear.
At the same time it should have soft and tough interior or
core so that it is able to absorb any shock etc.
Case hardening or surface hardening is the process of
hardening the surface of a metal.
Case Hardening is a process of hardening ferrous alloys so
that the surface layer or case is made substantially harder
than the interior or core.
The chemical composition of the surface layer is altered
during the treatment by the addition of carbon, nitrogen, or
both.
Carburising
ii.
Cyaniding
iii.
Nitriding
Mechanical
Physical
Chemical
Methods of Carburising
2 CO + 3 Fe --->Fe3C + CO2
Gas Carburizing
Gas Carburizing
Gas carburizing can be done with any carbonaceous
gas, such as methane, ethane, propane, or natural
gas.
Most carburizing gases are flammable and controls
are needed to keep carburizing gas at 1700oF from
contacting air (oxygen).
The advantage of this process over pack carburizing
is an improved ability to quench from the carburizing
temperature.
Liquid Carburizing
Liquid Carburizing can be performed in
internally or externally heated molten salt pots.
Carburizing salt contains cyanide compounds
such as sodium cyanide (NaCN).
Cycle times for liquid cyaniding is much shorter
(1 to 4 hours) than gas and pack carburizing
processes.
Disadvantage is the disposal of salt.
(environmental problems) and cost
disposal is very expensive).
(safe
Cyaniding
Producing a hard surface on low carbon or medium
carbon steel by immersing in a molten salt bath of
cyanide at 800-900C and quenching in water or oil.
Change in hardness is gradual, bright finish and
distortion is avoided. This case hardening process
heats ferrous materials above the transformation
temperature in a molten salt bath containing
cyanide.
Nitriding
Producing hard surface layer on alloy steels
only.
Heating the steel in an atmosphere of ammonia
gas at 560C to 650C without further heat
treatment results in extreme hardness.
Used in automotive, and diesel engine wearing
parts.
Advantages of Nitriding
Hardness is achieved without the oil,
water or air quench.
Hardening is accomplished in a nitrogen
atmosphere
discoloration.
that
prevents
scaling
and
Surface hardening
Differs from case hardening in that analysis of surface
steel is not changed, hardening being by extremely rapid
heating and quenching of wearing surfaces which has
no effect on the interior core.
Induction hardening
Flame hardening
Diffusion coating
A coating process used to change the surface
composition of a metallic material with
high
temperature
oxidation
coating
is
highly
reliable,
substrate