A

What is
Transformer ??
transformer is a

transformer is a
static device which
is use to convert
high alternatic
voltage to a low
alternatic voltage
and vice versa,
keeping the
frequency same.

Principle Of
Operation

Transformer works on
the principle of mutual
induction of two coils.
When current in the
primary coil is changed
the flux linked to the
secondary coil also
changes. Consequently
an EMF is induced in
the secondary coil.

What is Induction
law ??

Faradays

law states that:

Vs=Ns.d/dt
where

VS is the instantaneous
secondry winding voltage.
NS is the number of turns in
the secondary coil.

Working.
When the primary winding is connected
to an ac supply mains, current flows
through it.winding produces an
alternating flux in the core.Since this
flux is alternating and links with the
secondary winding also, so induces an
emf in the secondary winding.The
frequency of induced emf in secondary
winding is the same as that of the flux
or that of the supply voltage.The
induced emf in the secondary winding
enables it to deliver current to an
external load connected across it.Thus
the energy is transformed from primary
winding to the secondary winding by
means of electro-magnetic induction
without any change in frequency.

Construction of
Transformer
Mainly Transformers
have two types of
construction.

CORE type
construction

SHELL type
construction

Core type Transformer

In

the Core type

the primary and
secondary
windings are
placed on each
side of the core.
The core type
has two limbs

 In

Shell type
Transformer

Shell type
transformers the
LV & HV windings
are sandwiched
between each
other.
shell type has
three limbs.

Types of
Transformer

Step UP Transformer :
A transformer in which Ns>Np is called a
step up transformer. A step up transformer
is a transformer which converts low
alternatic voltage to high alternatic voltage.
Step DOWN Transformer :
A transformer in which Np>Ns is called a
step down transformer. A step down
transformer is a transformer which converts
high alternatic voltage to low alternatic
voltage.

A wide variety of transformer designs

are used for different applications.
Auto-transformer
Poly-phase transormer
Leakage transformer
Resonant transformer
Instrument transformers

AUTO-TRANSFORMERS
Autotransformer
is a one winding
transformer in
which a part of
the winding is
common to both
HV & LV sides.

POLY-PHASE TRANSFORMER

Three separate single

phase transformers
are suitably connected
for 3 phase operation.
A single three phase
transformer in which
the cores and windings
for all the three
phases are combined
in a single structure.

INSTRUMENT
TRANSFORMERS
A
A current
current
transformer
transformerisisa a
measurement
measurement
device
devicedesigned
designedto
provide a current
to provide a
in its secondary
current
in
its
coil proportional to
secondary
coil
the
current flowing
proportional
in
its primary. to

the current
flowing in its
primary.

A
Avoltage
voltage
transformer
are
transformer
designed to have
areaccurately
designed
an
to have an
known
transformation
accurately
ratio
in both
known
magnitude and
transformation
phase,
over a
ratio of
in both
range
measuring
circuit
magnitude
and
impedances..
phase, over a

range of

Transformer equivalent
circuit

Losses In
Transformers.
Iron Losses These are
the hysteresis loss and eddy
current loss, constant loss.
Each time the magnetic field
is reversed, a small amount
of energy is lost due to
hysteresiswithin the core.

The eddy current loss is a

complex function of the
square of supply frequency
and inverse square of the
material thickness

Copper Loss :Current

flowing through the
windings causes
resistive heating of
the conductors. At
higher frequencies,
skin effectand
proximity effect
create additional
winding resistance
and losses.

Testing
Open

circuit

Short

circuit

test

test

Applications
POWER TRANSMISSION :
A major application of transformers is to increase
voltage beforetransmitting electrical energyover
long distances throughwires. Wires
haveresistanceand so dissipate electrical energy
at a rate proportional to the square of the current
through the wire. By transformingelectrical
powerto a high-voltage (and therefore low-current)
form for transmission and back again afterward,
transformers enable economicaltransmission of
powerover long distances .

IN ELECTRONICS :
Transformers are also used
extensively inelectronic productsto
step down the supplyvoltageto a
level suitable for the low voltage
circuits they contain. The transformer
also electrically isolates the end user
from contact with the supply
voltage .

THERMIC POWER
STATIONS
The transformer steps
up the generator
voltage (400V or 690V
for low power stations,
6.3kV or 11kV for
higher power stations)
in order to adapt it to
the network voltage
(generally 20kV)

Caution
Transformer must not be connected to a direct
source. If the primary winding of a transformer is
connected to a dc supply mains, the flux produced
will not vary but remain constant in magnitude
and therefore no emf will be induced in the
secondary winding except at the moment of
switching on. Thus the transformer can not be
employed for raising or lowering the dc voltage.
Also there will be no back induced emf in the
primary winding and therefore a heavy current will
be drawn from the supply mains which may result
in the burning out of the winding.