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Earth
Earthquakes: 1011 W
Sun
Conduction:
A diffusive process wherein
molecules transmit their kinetic
energy to other molecules by
colliding with them.
Convection:
A process associated with the
motion of the medium. When a
hot material flows into a cold
material, it will heat the region
- and vise versa.
Radiation:
The transfer of heat via electromagnetic radiation. Example - the
Sun.
dT
q = k
,
dy
where:
q is the heat flux
k is the coefficient of thermal conductivity
T is the temperature
y is a spatial coordinate
Question: why is the minus sign?
Question: is q a vector or a scalar?
Units:
q is in [Wm-2]
k is in [Wm-1K-1]
where W is read watt, and is equal to Joule per second.
A substance with a large value of k is a good thermal conductor,
whereas a substance with a small value of k is a poor thermal
conductor or a good thermal insulator.
T
q=k
.
l
T2 Tx
q2 = k2
.
L2
Tx T1
q1 = k1
.
L1
k2
T2
k1
heat
Tx
T1
Or more generally:
Tn T1
qn =
.
Li /ki
i=1,n
Eastern US
Norway+Sweden
Sierra Nevada
There is a systematic
dependence of the surface
heat flow on the age of the
sea floor.
Later we will see that this
can be understood as
gradual cooling.
dq (y) 2 d 2q
q(y + y) = q(y) + y
+
+L
2
dy
2 dy
Ignoring terms higher than the first order term, leads to:
Thus:
d 2T
dq
q(y + y) q(y) = y
= yk
= 0.
2
dy
dy
d 2T
= 0.
2
dy
2
dy
dy
where:
H is the heat production rate per unit mass
is the
density
Question: what is the source for steady-state internal heating in
the Earth lithosphere?
d 2T
H + k 2 = 0,
dy
dT
Hy = k
+ C1.
dy
dT
Hy = k
+ q0 .
dy
q0
H 2
T = T0 + y
y .
k
2k