Anatomy and Physiology, Sixth Edition

RodR.Seeley
IdahoStateUniversity
TrentD.Stephens
IdahoStateUniversity
PhilipTate
PhoenixCollege

Chapter 26
Lecture Outline*
*See PowerPoint Image Slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes.

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26-1

Chapter 26

Urinary System

26-2

Urinary System Functions

Filtering of blood
Regulation of

blood volume
concentration of blood solutes
pH of extracellular fluid
blood cell synthesis

Synthesis of Vitamin D
26-3

Urinary System Anatomy

26-4

Location and External Anatomy

of Kidneys
Location
Lie behind peritoneum
on posterior abdominal
wall on either side of
vertebral column
Lumbar vertebrae and
rib cage partially
protect
Right kidney slightly
lower than left

External Anatomy
Renal capsule
Surrounds each kidney

Perirenal fat
Engulfs renal capsule and acts
as cushioning

Renal fascia
Anchors kidneys to abdominal
wall

Hilum
Renal artery and nerves enter
and renal vein and ureter exit
kidneys

26-5

Internal Anatomy of Kidneys

Cortex: Outer area
Renal columns

Medulla: Inner area

Renal pyramids

Calyces
Major: Converge to form
pelvis
Minor: Papillae extend

Nephron: Functional unit

of kidney
Juxtamedullary
Cortical

26-6

The Nephron

26-7

Histology of the Nephron

26-8

Internal Anatomy of Kidneys

Renal corpuscle
Bowmans capsule
Parietal layer
Visceral layer

Glomerulus
Network of capillaries

Arterioles
Afferent
Blood to glomerulus

Efferent

Tubules
Proximal (convoluted)
tubule
Loops of Henle
Descending limb
Ascending limb

Distal (convoluted)
tubules

Collecting ducts

Drains

26-9

Renal Corpuscle

26-10

Kidney Blood Flow

26-11

Ureters and Urinary Bladder

Ureters
Tubes through which
urine flows from
kidneys to urinary
bladder

Urinary bladder
Stores urine

Urethra
Transports urine from
bladder to outside of
body
Difference in length
between males and
females
Sphincters
Internal urinary
External urinary

26-12

Ureters and Urinary Bladder

26-13

Urine Formation

26-14

Filtration
Filtration
Renal filtrate
Plasma minus blood
cells and blood proteins
Most (99%) reabsorbed

Filtration membrane
Fenestrated
endothelium, basement
membrane and pores
formed by podocytes

Filtration pressure
Responsible for filtrate
formation
Glomerular capillary
pressure (GCP) minus
capsule pressure (CP)
minus colloid osmotic
pressure (COP)
Changes caused by
glomerular capillary
pressure
26-15

Filtration Pressure

26-16

Tubular Reabsorption
Reabsorption
Passive transport
Active transport
Cotransport

Specialization of
tubule segments

Substances transported
Active transport moves
Na+ across nephron
wall
Other ions and
molecules moved by
cotransport
Passive transport
moves water, urea,
lipid-soluble, nonpolar
compounds

26-17

Reabsorption in Proximal Nephron

26-18

Reabsorption in Loop of Henle

26-19

Reabsorption in Loop of Henle

26-20

Tubular Secretion
Substances enter proximal or distal tubules
and collecting ducts
H+, K+ and some substances not produced in
body are secreted by countertransport
mechanisms

26-21

Secretion of Hydrogen and

Potassium

26-22

Urine Production
In Proximal tubules
Na+ and other substances
removed
Water follows passively
Filtrate volume reduced

In descending limb of
loop of Henle
Water exits passively,
solute enters
Filtrate volume reduced
15%

In ascending limb of
loop of Henle
Na+, Cl-, K+ transported out of
filtrate
Water remains

In distal tubules and

collecting ducts
Water movement out
regulated by ADH
If absent, water not
reabsorbed and dilute urine
produced
If ADH present, water moves
out, concentrated urine
produced

26-23

Filtrate and Medullary

Concentration Gradient

26-24

Medullary Concentration and

Urea Cycling

26-25

Urine Concentration Mechanism

When large volume of
water consumed
Eliminate excess
without losing large
amounts of electrolytes
Response is kidneys
produce large volume
of dilute urine

When drinking water

not available
Kidneys produce small
volume of concentrated
urine
Removes waste and
prevents rapid
dehydration

26-26

Urine Concentrating Mechanism

26-27

Hormonal Mechanisms
ADH

Renin

Secreted by posterior
Produced by kidneys,
pituitary
causes production of
Increases water
angiotensin II
permeability in distal
Atrial natriuretic
tubules and collecting ducts

Aldosterone
Produced in adrenal cortex
Affects Na+ and Cltransport in nephron and
collecting ducts

hormone

Produced by heart when

blood pressure increases
Inhibits ADH production
Reduces ability of kidney
to concentrate urine

26-28

Effect of ADH on Nephron

26-29

Aldosterone Effect on Distal Tubule

26-30

Autoregulation and
Sympathetic Stimulation
Autoregulation
Involves changes in
degree of constriction
in afferent arterioles
As systemic BP
increased, afferent
arterioles constrict and
prevent increase in
renal blood flow

Sympathetic stimulation
Constricts small arteries
and afferent arterioles
Decreases renal blood
flow

26-31

Clearance and Tubular Load

Plasma clearance
Volume of plasma
cleared of a specific
substance each minute
Used to estimate GFR
Used to calculate renal
plasma flow
Used to determine
which drugs or other
substances excreted by
kidney

Tubular load
Total amount of
substance that passes
through filtration
membrane into
nephrons each minute
Normally glucose is
almost completed
reabsorbed

26-32

Tubular Maximum
Tubular maximum
Maximum rate at
which a substance can
be actively absorbed
Each substance has its
own tubular maximum

26-33

Urine Flow and

Micturition Reflex
Urine flow
Hydrostatic pressure
forces urine through
nephron
Peristalsis moves urine
through ureters

Micturition reflex
Stretch of urinary
bladder stimulates
reflex causing bladder
to contract, inhibiting
urinary sphincters
Higher brain centers
can stimulate or inhibit
reflex

26-34

Micturition Reflex

26-35

Effects of Aging on Kidneys

Gradual decrease in size of kidney
Decrease in kidney size leads to decrease in
renal blood flow

Decrease in number of functional nephrons

Decrease in renin secretion and vitamin D
synthesis
Decline in ability of nephron to secrete and
absorb
26-36

Kidney Dialysis

26-37