2-Dimensional Stress Analysis

Jayadeep U. B.
M.E.D., NIT Calicut
Ref.: 1. Finite Elements and Approximation, Zienkiewicz, O. C.,
and Morgan, K., John Wiley & Sons.
2. Zienkiewicz, O. C., The Finite Element Method, Tata
McGraw Hill Edition.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut

Introduction
2-D Problems in Stress Analysis:
Problems in thin plate (no transverse loads or deflection,
except for Poissons effect) Plane Stress (P-) problem.
Problems in thick plate Plane Strain (P-) problem.
Axisymmetric problems (in both geometry and loads).
Dirichlet or (Essential) B.C.
u u

& v v on u

Neumann or (Natural) B.C.

Specified Surface Tractions on

Lecture - 01

Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut

Plane Stress & Plane Strain Problems

The governing differential equations are the equilibrium
equations in 2D.

x
xy
x

xy

y
y
y

X 0
Y 0

Essential or Dirichlet B.C. Specified Displacements on the

boundary:

u u

& v v on u

Natural or Neumann B.C. Specified Tractions on boundary:

x nx xy n y t x
on
xy nx y n y t y
Note: A boundary could be with mixed B.C., with the
displacement specified in one direction and force in the other.
Lecture - 01

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Plane Stress & Strain Problems contd.

Some Conventions:

u
The displacement vector at a point: u
v

x

Strain vector: y

xy
The stress vector:

y

xy

The body force vector:

X
X
Y

The surface traction vector:

Lecture - 01

t x
t
t y

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Plane Stress & Strain Problems contd.

The approximation for displacement at any point inside an
element e (assuming the element to be bi-linear rectangle):

N1u1 N 2u2 N 3u3 N 4u 4

u
u

v
N1v1 N 2 v2 N 3v3 N 4 v4

N1

Lecture - 01

0
N1

N2
0

0
N2

N3
0

0
N3

N4
0

u 1
v
1
u 2

0 v2

N 4 u 3
v3

u 4
v
4

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Plane Stress & Strain Problems contd.

Rewriting:

N1

N 2 N3

u1

2
N 4 u N u e
3
u4

Note: Since we have a displacement or primary variable

vector (of two values in this case) defined at any point, we get
a 2x2 shape function matrix associated with each node,
instead of a single value of shape function as in scalar field
problems.

Lecture - 01

Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut

Plane Stress & Strain Problems contd.

The approximation for strain at any point inside an element e:

y

xy

u
x
v

u v

B u e B1

0
x
u
0
L N ue
y v

y x

B2 B3 B4 u e

In case of a bi-linear rectangular element, matrix [B] is 3x8

matrix, with derivatives of shape functions.

Lecture - 01

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Plane Stress & Strain Problems contd.

Stress-Strain Relations for Plane-Stress:

x
E

y
2
1

xy

1
0 0

xy

Stress-Strain Relations for Plane-Strain:

1
x

1
y

(1 )(1 2 )

xy
0
0

In general: D
Lecture - 01

0
1 2

xy

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Plane Stress & Strain Problems contd.

Strong form of W.R. Statement:

x xy

Wi,1 x y X d Wi,1 x nx xy ny t x d 0

xy y
Wi,2 x y Y d Wi,2 xy nx y ny t y d 0

Greens Lemma:

g f f g d
fgn d

f g d
fgn d gf d

x-component gives:
g
f

f x d
fgnx d g x d

Lecture - 01

Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut

Plane Stress & Strain Problems contd.

Using Greens Lemma, the Weak Form is obtained as:

Wi ,1

Wi ,1
xy
d Wi ,1 x nx xy ny d
x
y
u

W n
i ,1

x x

xy

Wi ,2

Wi ,2
y
d Wi ,2 xy nx y ny d
x
y
u

W
i ,2

Lecture - 01

xy ny d Wi ,1 X d Wi ,1 t x d

n y n y d Wi ,2Yd Wi ,2 t y d

xy x

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Plane Stress & Strain Problems contd.

Choosing, Wi ,1 Wi ,1 & Wi ,2 Wi ,2 , we get:
Wi ,1

Wi ,1
xy
d
x
y

W n
i ,1

x x

xy

Wi ,2

Wi ,2
y
d
x
y

W
i ,2

Lecture - 01

xy n y d Wi ,1 X d Wi ,1 t x d

xy

nx y n y d Wi ,2Yd Wi ,2 t y d

Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut

Plane Stress & Strain Problems contd.

If there is no special reason to use different weighting
functions in x & y directions, using Galerkin Method we get:

Let, Wi ,1 Wi ,2 N i , we get:

N i
N i

x x xy y d
Ni x nx xy ny d Ni X d
u

N t d
i x

N i
N i
xy x y y d

N
i

n y n y d N iYd

xy x

N t d
i y

The term corresponding to Dirichlet B.C. is not normally

considered, since this term is not included in the algebraic
system, which is solved.
Lecture - 01

Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut

Plane Stress & Strain Problems contd.

Combining the equations:

N i
N i
x
0

x
y
X
T
y d N i T
d

N i N i
Y

y
x xy

t x
d
t y

Rewriting this equation:

B d N X d N t d
T

Substituting the expressions derived earlier, we get the

T
elemental system: e

K ij

B D
i

B j d

f N X d N t d
T

Lecture - 01

Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut

Plane Stress & Strain Problems contd.

Or the complete elemental system:

K e

D B d

f N X d N t d
T

where, K e

K11e

K 21e

K 31e

K 41e

K 13e
K 23e

K 32e

K 33e

K 34e

K 42e

K 43e

K 44e

This stiffness matrix will be of size 8x8.

Lecture - 01

K14e

K 12e
K 22e

K 24e

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2D Example Plane Stress Analysis

Find the stress distribution in the 2D domain (ABCD), for the
problem described below:
y
D

0.04 m

100 N/m2
B

0.08 m

B.C.: Fixed in all directions on side AD and distributed force

in x-direction (100 N/m2) on BC.
Youngs Modulus and Poissons ratio of the material are
2x1011 N/m2 and 0.3 respectively.
Assume unit thickness in the z-direction.
Lecture - 02

Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut

Plane Stress Analysis Example Contd.

FE Mesh using bi-linear rectangle elements:
y

7
3
4

9
4

6
2

1
1

Approximation:
4

u
j 1

N j

u j

on e (any element)

Weighted Residual Formulation is used. Elemental System:

K ije

B D
T

B j d

f N X d N t d
T

Lecture - 02

Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut

Plane Stress Analysis Example Contd.

Considering the symmetry of the system, only bottom half
needs to be analyzed.
y
5

1
1

x
3

Symmetry B.C. nodes 4, 5 & 6: No displacement in ydirection for these nodes.

Other boundary conditions:

0
u1 ,
0

0
u4
0

x nx xy n y 100 0 on boundary 3-6.

Lecture - 02

Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut

Plane Stress Analysis Example Contd.

Consider element 1: The nodes of this
element are 1, 2, 5 & 4. These become the
local node numbers 1, 2, 3 & 4
respectively.
Shape functions, assuming a local node numbering scheme:

N1
N2

1
1
h

x
h
x y y

hx1h1y
x h1y y
1 1
x y

hh

, where hx1 x2 x1 & h1y y4 y1

xy
, N3 1 1
hx hy

& N4

1
x

x y

hx1h1y

Shape function matrices can be written with these as the

diagonal elements and 0 at the off-diagonal locations.
Lecture - 02

Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut

Plane Stress Analysis Example Contd.

Stiffness matrix calculation for element 1:

1
11

B D B d
T

B1 L N1

Lecture - 02

N1
y 0

N1

N1

N1

N1

y
N1

Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut

Plane Stress Analysis Example Contd.

Constitutive matrix for plane-stress:

0
0
1 0.3

11
D

2.198

10
0.3
1
0

1 2
0
1
0 0.35
0 0

2
This matrix will be same for both the elements, since the
material is same.

Lecture - 02

Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut

Plane Stress Analysis Example Contd.

Stiffness matrix calculation for element 1:

B1

D B1

N1
x
11
2.198 10

Lecture - 02

0
N1
y

N1

N1
x
1
0.3
0

0.3 1
0 0

N1
0
0 0.35

x
N1

N1

y
N1

Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut

Plane Stress Analysis Example Contd.

Stiffness matrix calculation for element 1:

B1 D B1
T

2.198 10

11

N1
x
N
0.3 1
y

N1
0.3
x
N1
y

N1
N1 x
0.35
y
0
N
0.35 1
x N1

2
N 2

N1
1

0.35

11
2.198 10
0.3 0.35 N1 N1

x y

Lecture - 02

N1

y
N1

N1 N1

0.3 0.35
x y
2

N1
N1

0.35

Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut

Plane Stress Analysis Example Contd.

Stiffness matrix calculation for element 1:
K111

B1 D B1 d
T

N1
N1
d

0.35

x
y
1
1
11
2.198 10
N1 N1

0.65
1 x y d

1
N1
1 x d h1h1 2

x y

6.4 105

0.02

1
y

N1
N1

0.35
d

1 y
1 x

y dxdy
2

0.04

0.02 y
2

N N
0.65 1 1 d
x y
1

dx dy 1.667 103

Calculate all the stiffness matrix and force vector elements by

similar integrations. H.W.
Lecture - 02

Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut

Plane Stress Analysis Example Contd.

If there are concentrated loads, there should be an additional
force vector corresponding to them
By formulating the algebraic system as discussed above and
solving after applying the essential B.C., we get the nodal
displacements.
In general, this will not be sufficient and for the analysis to be
complete, we have to determine the secondary parameters like
reaction forces, stresses and strains.
The reactions can be easily calculated, if we have the original
algebraic system by substituting the displacements, obtained
from solution, in the equations corresponding to the unknown
reactions.
However, in most of the cases the original matrix will not be
retained after solution, due to computational reasons,
especially in larger problems.
In Lagrange Multiplier method of enforcing the B.C., the
reactions are calculated in the solution process.
Lecture - 02

Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut

Plane Stress Analysis Example Contd.

However the method of choice in FEM, for enforcing the
essential B.C., is the Penalty Parameter method.
While using the penalty parameter method, we can get the
reactions as the product of the Penalty parameter and the error
in satisfying the essential B.C.
However, as mentioned earlier this will have some errors
associated in the calculated reactions.
For calculating the stresses and strains, the elemental
calculations will have to be performed, using the relations:

B u e

&

D D B u e

Generally, the stresses and strains calculated in different

elements will have to be averaged to have smooth transition at
the inter-element boundaries.
For example, the stress is constant inside a linear triangle,
which is usually assigned at centroid and a weighted average
is used at the nodal points & inter-element boundary.
Lecture - 02

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Axisymmetric Problems
The displacement vector:

Radial Displacement
u

w
Axial
Displacement

r


Strain vector:
z
rz

The stress vector:

Lecture - 03

r



z
rz

Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut

Axisymmetric Problems contd.

Stress-strain Relation:

1
r

1

1
(1 )(1 2 )
z
0
rz
0
0

Strain-Displacement Relation:

0
0
0

r



z
1 2
rz
2

u
0
u

r
r
e
e

L
N
u

B
u

w
w
0

z
z

u w
z
r
z
r

The other things are similar to plane stress/strain problems.

r



z
rz

Lecture - 03

Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut

Coupled Thermal-Stress Problems

An interesting class of problems are the Thermal Stress
problems when the temperature distribution causes stresses
to be developed in the body.
We will be considering the problems with only one-way
coupling, i.e., the temperature distribution influences the
stress/deformation, but it does not happen the other way
around.
An increase in temperature causes expansion of any material,
and we can assume this expansion is same in all directions
and depends only on the temperature increase (T) and not on
the absolute value of temperature.
A common approach is to consider the effect of temperature
by an initial strain distribution.
There are other approaches, but we will not be discussing
them in this course.
Lecture - 03

Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut

Coupled Thermal-Stress Problems contd.

In case plane stress, we can assume a initial strain vector, due
to temperature as:
T

T
0

Note 1: The temperature change causes only normal strains in

an isotropic material. Shear strains are absent.
Note 2: In plane strain, the initial strain vector will be
different due to the Poisson effect.
Let us assume that the total strain, which is the sum of thermal
and mechanical strains is given by:

x

y

xy
Lecture - 03

x T

Mech. strain, m y T 0

xy

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Coupled Thermal-Stress Problems contd.

We know that the thermal strains do not cause any stresses.
Hence, the stress vector (using the notations defined earlier):

D 0 D B u e D 0

Note: The thermal stresses are not due to the free thermal
expansion, but due to the constraints (either internal or
external) imposed on it.
Substituting in the final expression of WR formulation, we
get:

Bi

d Bi D B u e D 0 d
T

Ni

Lecture - 03

X d Ni t d
T

Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut

Coupled Thermal-Stress Problems contd.

This equation can be re-written as:

Bi

e
D
B
u
d

Bi

D 0 d Ni X d Ni t d
T

Hence, the elemental system is obtained as:

K ije

fi e

Bi

Bi

B j d

D 0 d

Ni

X d

Ni

t d

In other words, the effect of thermal strains appear as a

contribution to the load vector, in addition to the body forces
and surface forces.
Lecture - 03

Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut

Coupled Thermal-Stress Problems contd.

This system can be solved to obtain the displacements, after
the assembly and application of essential B.C.
However, we need to take further care, while processing the
results. From the displacement results, the total strain can be
directly obtained.

B u e

inside any given element.

It is best to decompose the total strain into mechanical and

thermal components.
To calculate the stresses, we need to consider only the
mechanical component of strain.

D 0
The initial strain method could be useful in many analyses
other than thermal stress problems, like bolted joints.
Lecture - 03

Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut

Concluding Remarks
The Stress Analysis in 2D was considered in this topic, to
introduce the concept of FEM in vector fields, like a
displacement field.
While considering problems like this, we get multiple number
of degrees of freedom (d.o.f.) per node, and the size of the
elemental stiffness matrix becomes the product of number of
nodes per element and d.o.f. per node.
In the same node, there could be natural and essential B.C.
like a displacement constraint in x & force in y directions.
There are three classes of 2D stress analysis problems Plane
stress, Plane strain & Axisymmetric problems.
Thermal-stress problems and one method of handling such
problems (initial strain method) were discussed.
The method can be easily extended to 3D, with proper choice
of finite elements (tetrahedron or brick elements), B.C.,
stress/strain/displacement vectors, stress-strain relations etc.
Lecture - 03