TT01003 RESEARCH

FOUNDATION IN
EDUCATION
RESEARCH PROBLEM
Research Background
Problem Statement
Research Aim, Objectives,
Questions, Hypothesis
Research Rationale /
Justification
The need of the Study
Research Limitation
Terms Definition

RESEARCH BACKGROUND
How to develop readers interest
on your research problem
Simple essay about a phenomena
or event, explain in generic about
the phenomenon studied
What are the issues behind it
Issue consist of problems; while
the second composed of variables;
variable made by constructs

RESEARCH BACKGROUND
Get some supporting references
as to highlight the phenomena
(statistic, facts, etc)
Analyze the phenomena and
extract what and why its
happened
It is like a downward pyramid filter
until you arrive at the relationship
of your research variables

PROBLEM STATEMENT
The essence of issue discussed in
research background
Emphasis explanation on the
relationship between variables
Illustrate how the variables are
likely correlated to educational
things and how does the
correlation implicate the
educational properties

PROBLEM STATEMENT
Consist of a premise,
explainations, arguments & a gap
Speculate the relationship
between variables
State clearly the variables, unit of
analysis and the pattern of
relationship
Normally, the last para would
indicate the problem statement,
the complete statement of

PROBLEM STATEMENT
Example:
Previous research has found that racially diverse
educational environments are associated with positive
intellectual and social outcomes for college students
Premise
(Astin, 1993; Chang, 1999; Gurin, 1999; Smith &
Associates, 1997). Racial diversity in the student body
is linked to the likelihood that a student will interact
Explanation
with someone of a different race or ethnicity and
engage in discussions of racial or ethnic issues.
Frequent interaction across racial lines and discussion
of racial and ethnic issues positively predicts student
Argument
retention, intellectual and social self-concept, and
overall satisfaction with college (Gurin, 1999; Smith &
Associates, 1997). The existing evidence, however, is
based largely on quasi-experimental or correlational
Gap
designs using self-report data. No study to date has
randomly assigned students to conditions of racial
diversity and directly examined cognitive outcomes

RESEARCH AIM / PURPOSE

What the research can
contribute?
Usually determine by a research
aim that digested from problem
statement
Research aim is what benefit
could the research produces
What argument or gap to be
addressed?

RESEARCH AIM / PURPOSE

Example
The research would produce
explanation on the relationship
between teacher experience,
teacher efficacy and collective
efficacy. Or
The study was aimed to
determine the relationship
between three variables, namely

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
The step by step measures to be
carried out in order to achieve
the research aim
The breakdown statements of
the research aim / purpose
Objectives, normally stated in a
manner where researcher
categorizes data to be analysed

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
Examples
To identify teaching experience
among secondary school teachers
To identify the level of personal &
collective efficacy among
secondary school teachers
To determine the contribution of
teacher experience on the
difference of teacher efficacy and
collective efficacy among
secondary school teacher

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Breaking down the research

objectives to become more
specific measures
Emphasizing on relationship
between two variables
Become the basis of data
analysis
Reflecting the very focus of
findings discussion

RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Example
Are there any contribution by
the teacher experience factors
on the teacher efficacy
differences?

RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

Previous findings leads to an assumption of what would be the best

conjecture / anticipation pertaining to relationship patterns
between variables

Two types of hypothesis:

Null hypothesis if less findings related / equal findings
Alternative hypothesis if often found the same result

RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

Statistical assumption about what would be the result

Means that the researcher need to test it using suitable inferential

statistics

To be compared to previous findings

Confidence level:
Significant if p < .05 (reject the Ho)
Not significant if p > .05 (accept the Ho)

RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

TEST RESULT
True H0

False H0

Accept
H0

Correct

Type 2 Error

Reject
H0

Type 1 Error

Correct

RESEARCH JUSTIFICATIONS
Explanation about the strength /
goodness of the related
variables for the enhancement
of the pedagogical exercise
Why the research need to be
conducted
Need evidence / reference to
support the needs of the study

THE IMPORTANCE OF STUDY

Conjecture / presumption of the
benefit to be which resulted
from the findings
Whom would get the benefit
from the findings?
If there were already similar
findings from precious study,
what would be the difference that
contributed from the current

LIMITATION OF STUDY
To what extent the study
could be conducted?
Scope / area?
Theoretical framework?
Unit of analysis (target
sample)?
Instrumentation?
Benefit?
Generalization?

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
What and how to define?
Variables to be studied
Event > variables >
construct > items
Constitutional definition
Terms by experts
Operational definition
Measureable terms / form

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

How to operationalize the

variables ?
Using of constitutional definition
Defining variables / terms used
for measureable purpose
The use of instrument can be
considered as an operational
definition

THANK YOU