Jack Brouwer Seminar

Design, Control and Integration of
Next Generation Power and

Energy Systems
Institute for Energy Efficiency
UC Santa Barbara
March 4, 2015
Jack Brouwer, Ph.D.
Associate
Director
National Fuel Cell Research Center 2015
1/61
Outline
Introduction
Simple Spatial SOFC Model
Dynamic Fuel Cell Models Controls & Systems
Development
Energy Systems High Renewable Penetration
Dynamics
Energy Systems Utility Grid Network Impacts
Summary
2/61
NFCRC Work and Associated Experience
Fundamental and applied research for developing and

understanding fuel cell systems science, integrated systems
development and application to the built environment and
vehicles
Tri-Generation:
Fuel Cell Dynamics and Control

Cycle Conceptualization and Analyses
Fuel Cell Integration with Gas Turbines and Fuel Processing
Built Environment Integration
FC Vehicles
Fuel Cell and Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle
& H2 Station
Testing and Analyses
Renewable Fuel Cell Systems
Hydrogen Infrastructure Development
and Evaluation
Air Quality Impacts of Fuel Cells
Hybrid FC/GT
Education and Outreach
H2, Heat & Power
Recognized Expertise in:
Emphasis on high temperature fuel cells

Integrated system development for all fuel cell types
Stationary fuel cell systems and infrastructure
Experimental and numerical
First U.S. University Graduate Fuel Cell Course (2001)

Short courses (FC Seminar, ICEPAG, FCTI)
California Stationary Fuel Cell Collaborative
Renewable FC
Systems
3/61
National Fuel Cell Research Center
4/61
Introduction
Energy Systems are critical to:
Economies all sectors
Quality of Life
Freedom of Mobility
A few important aspects of Energy Systems
Thermodynamics
Heat Transfer
Fluid Dynamics
Chemistry
Electrochemistry
Materials Science
Dynamics
Controls
Systems Integration
Spatial & Temporal resolution

Consider
All
f important physics,
chemistry,
Make simplifying assumptions
Rigorously analyze the

important physics/chemistry/etc.
in an integrated fashion
5/61
Outline
Introduction
Development
Dynamics
Summary
6/61
Integrated Gasification Fuel Cell Plant

IGFC Concept Introduction
Coal
Prep.
Gas
Turbine
Steam
Turbine
Syngas
SOFC
A catalytic hydro-gasifier IGFC
system that takes advantage of
Clean-up
the potential benefits
of CH4-rich syngas fuel can achieve more
Coal
than 60% Gasificatio
efficiency while enabling carbon dioxide separation
n
for sequestration
CO2 Separation
& Recycle
Li, et al., Journal of Power

Sources, Vol. 195, Iss. 17, pp.
7/61
Model Development
Most system development and analyses are based
upon bulk (0-dimensional) models
Several important operating constraints cannot be
assessed without some geometric resolution of the
SOFC
Peak temperature, temperature gradients
Fuel & oxidant utilization
We desire to resolve some features of modern SOFC

operation
need computational simplicity/efficiency sufficient to
incorporate the model into detailed integrated gasification
systems analysis
Explicitly evaluate activation, ohmic, and diffusion losses as
well as kinetics of hydrocarbon reactions
Predict performance features such as the internal
temperature, current/power density and flow composition
profiles,
fuel
and
oxidant utilization, for evaluation of8/61
fuel cell
National Fuel
Cell Research
Center
2015
Planar SOFC Model Geometry
Quasi-2D co/counter flow planar SOFC model
Li, M., Powers, J.D., and Brouwer, J., Journal of

Fuel Cell
9/61
Numerical Scheme
PSR
PSR
PSR
PSR
PSR
PEN
PSR
Li, M., Powers, J.D., and Brouwer, J., Journal of

Fuel Cell
Science and Technology, Vol. 7, pp. 041017-112, 2010
10/61
1-D Model Integration into Systems Analysis

Catalytic hydro-gasifier IGFC system
HP SOFC & Heat

Exchange System
(1-D, 0.8V, 73% f)
Li, et al., Journal of Power

11/61
Challenges Identified: 0-D vs. 1-D

1-D counter-flow SOFC model in integrated IGFC
analysis
Internal reforming: peak temperatures move to
interior
Inlet & outlet temperatures no longer represent
peak DT
Outlet fuel/air temperatures are decreased
fuel out
fuel in
disabling
downstream
heat
use
(650 + 200) C
650 C
Air flow required for Implicit
Tmax=200C is 4X
that of 0-D
air
out
air in
Assumption
(650 + 200) C
model 650 C
0D
1-D
fuel in
650 C
air out
(650 + 70) C
fuel out
(650 + 40) C
air in
650 C
12/61
IGFC Performance Comparison

Item
0-D Model
1-D Single Stage

Counter-flow
SOFC
Coal energy input
1,397 GJ/h (HHV)
1,397 GJ/h (HHV)
SOFC operation pressure
10 atm
10 atm
Gross power output

SOFC electrical power
247.8 MW
247.3 MW
Cathode exhaust expander
63.4 MW
178.6 MW
Steam turbine
2.6 MW
1.9 MW
Syngas reactor/expander
topping cycle
9.3 MW
7.6 MW
Total gross power generated
323.3 MW
435.6 MW
Auxiliary power consumption (incomplete list)

ASU
2,186 kW
2,186 kW
SOFC air compressor/blower
66,906 kW
242,499 kW
Recycled H2 compressor
8,235 kW
8,283 kW
Total internal power

consumption and losses
84.7 MW
260.5 MW
Net electric power
238.6 MW
175.1 MW
Overall thermal efficiency

Li, M., Rao, A.D., Brouwer, J., and Samuelsen,

45.1% (HHV)
(HHV) Vol.195, Iss. 17, pp.
Journal of61.5%
Power Sources,
13/61
5707-5718, 2010.
Strategy for Mitigating High T Challenge

Cascade SOFC stacks
Fuel in
650C
Fuel in
650C
Air in
650C Uf = 0.70
Ua = 0.15
Air
713C Uf = 0.73
Ua = 0.16
Fuel out
671C
Fuel out
689C
Air addition
330C
Fuel in
650C
Air
732C
Uf = 0.73
Ua=0.17
Fuel out
704C
Air addition
330C
Fuel in
650C
Air
742C Uf = 0.74
Ua = 0.17
Air out
753C
Fuel out
719C
Air addition
330C
Overall
Uf = 0.727
Ua = 0.455

Journal of Power Sources, Vol.195, Iss. 17, pp.
5707-5718, 2010.
14/61
IGFC Performance Comparison

Item
0-D Model
1-D Cascading
Counter-flow
SOFCs
Coal energy input
1,397 GJ/h (HHV)
1,397 GJ/h (HHV)
SOFC operation pressure
10 atm
10 atm
Gross power output

SOFC electrical power
247.8 MW
247.8 MW
Cathode exhaust expander
63.4 MW
72.1 MW
Steam turbine
2.6 MW
2.7 MW
Syngas reactor/expander
topping cycle
9.3 MW
7.6 MW
Total gross power generated
323.3 MW
330.4 MW
Auxiliary power consumption (incomplete list)

ASU
2,186 kW
2,186 kW
SOFC air compressor/blower
66,906 kW
84,748 kW
Recycled H2 compressor
8,235 kW
9,792 kW
Total internal power

consumption and losses
84.7 MW
104.3 MW
Net electric power
238.6 MW
226.1 MW
Overall thermal efficiency
61.5% (HHV)
58.2% (HHV)

Journal of Power Sources, Vol.195, Iss. 17, pp.
15/61
Outline
Introduction
Development
Dynamics
Summary
16/61
Dynamic Simulation Approach

Dynamic Energy Systems Simulation Framework
MATLAB/Simulink environment selected
User friendly, widely available/used, ideal for controls
development and testing
Main assumptions:
quasi-steady state chemistry and electrochemistry (e.g.,
characterized by Nernst potential and losses)
Simplified geometry (but including some geometric resolution)
Focus on dynamic solution of the essential FC and

other component features such as:
Nernst potential
Electrochemical losses
Species concentrations and Mass conservation
Energy conservation
Momentum conservation
Heat Transfer
Gemmen, R, Liese, E., Rivera, J., Jabbari, F,
Chemical Reaction
and Brouwer, J., ASME Paper Number 2000GT-554, 2000.
17/61
Dynamic Simulation Approach

Species Conservation
V
Sample Mass Conservation Equations
Pout
Cout RT
out
dC i
= N iinlet - N ioutlet+ Ri
dt
Momentum Conservation
V
N out N in N R
d ( v )
= Pinlet Ainlet - Poutlet Aoutlet - F s
dt
Nernst Equation
R T [ y ][ y ] [ yCO 2,c ]P
E = E u ln H 2 O 2
nF
[ y H 2O ][ yCO 2,a ]
1/ 2
( X H 2 ) out
1/ 2
Electrochemical Losses
( X CO 2 ) out
Vcell = E LR LC LA
(X
H 2 O ) out
N in ( X H 2O )in RH 2O
N in ( X N 2 ) in
N out
( X N 2 ) out
d (C H 2OV )
dt
N out
d (CCO 2V )
dt
N out
Ru T
ln (i/ io )
nF
Ru T
ln (1 - i/ i L )
LC = nF
Cell Voltage
N in ( X CO 2 ) in RCO 2
d (C H 2V )
dt
N out
L R = R cell i
LA =
N in ( X H 2 )in RH 2
, Pc = Pa P
d (CoutV )
dt
d (C N 2V )
dt
Roberts, R., Mason, J., Jabbari, F., Brouwer, J.,

Samuelsen, S., Liese, E. and Gemmen, R., ASME Paper
Number 2003-GT-38774, 2003.
18/61
Example Dynamic Simulation Modules

Planar and Tubular SOFC Discretization 10 Nodes
Anode Gas
Cathode Gas
Cell Solid
Interconnect Plates
10 NODES
REFORMED
FUEL
CATHODE GAS
INTERCONNECT
CELL SOLID
REFORMED
FUEL
PREHEATED
AIR
CELL TUBE
CATHODE GAS
AIR SUPPLY PIPE
ANODE GAS
CROSS SECTION
19/61
Example Dynamic Simulation Modules

Planar Nodal SOFC Heat Transfer Resistances
NODE n
INTERCONNECT
PLATE
NODE n+1
RCOND
RCOND
RCONV
RCONV
RRAD
ANODE
IN
RCONV
CELL
RCOND
RRAD
RCOND
CATHODE
IN
RCOND
RCONV
RRAD
RCONV
RCOND
ANODE
OUT
RCONV
RCONV
INTERCONNECT
PLATE
RCOND
RRAD
CATHODE
OUT
RCONV
RCOND
RCOND
x
20/61
Dynamic Modeling Tools Verified
Single Cell MCFC Test

Stand
Siemens Integrated
SOFC System
Siemens/SCE 220 kW
SOFC/GT Hybrid
21/61
Example: Sudden Decrease of Power

Hybrid SOFC/GT System
Manipulate:
Recirc. blower power

Fuel flow
Air preheat bypass valve
SOFC air bypass valve
Control:
System power
Peak SOFC temperature
SOFC temperature gradient
Oxidizer temperature
Perturbation:
Sudden decrease from 100%

to 50% full power
McLarty, D.F., Samuelsen, S., and

Brouwer, J. ASME Paper FC201033328, June, 2010
22/61
Example: Sudden Decrease of Power
Hybrid SOFC/GT System

Met sudden decrease
in power demand
Kept SOFC peak
temperature < 1073 K
during transient
Kept SOFC temperature
gradient < 150 K
during transient
McLarty, D.F., Samuelsen, S., and

Brouwer, J. ASME Paper FC201033328, June, 2010
23/61
Example: Sudden Increase in Power

Integrated Stand-Alone SOFC system
Manipulate:
Fuel flow
Blower power
Bypass valve
Control:
System power
Peak SOFC temperature
SOFC temperature profile
Perturbation:
25 to 70 amp current increase with PEN temperature

feedback
Mueller, F., Jabbari, F., Brouwer, J.,

Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 187, Iss.
2, pp. 452-460, 2009
24/61

Integrated
SOFC
system
25 to 70 amp
current
increase
perturbation
Control actions:
Mueller, F., Jabbari, F.,
Brouwer, J., Journal of Power
452-460, 2009
National
National
Fuel Fuel
Cell Research
Cell Research
Center 2015
25/61
Integrated SOFC system - 25 to 70 amp current

increase with PEN temperature feedback
Mueller, F., Jabbari, F., Brouwer, J.,

Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 187, Iss.
2, pp. 452-460, 2009
26/61
Tri-Generation Concept
kWs TO
ELECTRIC LOAD:
50%
HEAT TO
BUILDINGS
THERMAL LOAD:
15%
30%
250 kW HTFC
HYDROGEN:
20%
Leal, E.M., Brouwer, J., J. Fuel Cell
National Fuel Cell Research Center 2015 Sci.
27/61
Renewable Tri-Gen of Power, Heat & H 2

DIGESTER
HEAT
STORAGE
EXCHANGER
TANK
ANAEROBIC
DIGESTION
GAS HOLDER
ADG
SLUDGE
HOT
WATER
HIGH-T
BOILER
FUEL CELL
AC
POWER
HYDROGEN
DISPENSER
FUEL
TREATMENT
FIRST APPLICATION
Orange County Sanitation District
Euclid Exit, I405, Fountain Valley
HYDROGEN
STORAGE
HYDROGEN
Support: DOE, ARB, AQMD

December 2010
National Fuel Cell Research

Center
University of California, Irvine
28/61
OCSD Project Worlds First Tri-Gen

54% H2 & Power production efficiency
> 3,000 Renewable H2 vehicle refills
Renewable H2
Filling Station
ADG fueled
DFC-H2
Production Unit
29/61
Compresso
r Skid
PSA Skid
Syngas
Compressor
Skid
(pressure swing
absorption)
Inverte
r&
Electric
al BoP
Mechani
cal BoP
Hydrogen
Storage
Tubes
DFC
(Direc
t Fuel
Cell)
Anode
Exhaust
Skid
Margalef, et al., J. Fuel Cell Sci.

Technol., Vol. 3, Iss. 2, pp. 137143, 2006
ADG
Clean-up
Skid
30/61
Tri-Generation Dynamic Analyses

Diurnal dynamic operation of Tri-Generation system
Hydrogen tank fills forcing end of Tri-generation
Control of system temperatures during transient is
possible
1300
1250
1200
Temp [K]
1150
1100
1050
1000
950
12:00 AM
Tan,in
6:00 AM
Tca,in
12:00 PM
Shaffer and Brouwer, Journal of Fuel Cell

Science and Technology, Volume 9, p. 9,
041012 ff., 2012.
Tca,out
6:00 PM
31/61
Tan,out
12:00 AM
Renewable Fuel Cell System
Maclay, J.D., Brouwer, J., and Samuelsen,

G.S., Intl. J. Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 31, pp.
32/61
Renewable Fuel Cell System

4.2 kW RFC Supply & Demand Power Flow:
PV Power
7.9 kW EZ Power (In)
P o w er (kW )
7
6
5
System Cost
$
42,000.00
H2 Produced
50.9 kWh
kW Peak RFC
8.1 kW
RFC Round Trip Eff.
57%
System Eff.
71%
4.2 kW FC Power (Out)
Grid Power
18-mile
weekda
y
commut
e
4
3
2
1
0
Time (One Week)
Maclay, J.D., Brouwer, J., and Samuelsen,

G.S., Intl. J. Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 31, pp.
994-1009, 2006.
33/61
Outline
Introduction
Development
Dynamics
Summary
34/61
Circuit Challenges: High Renewables

Commercial Circuit
(Cayetano)
21 kV Wye
Demand
> 12 MW max
> 1202 customers (237 Xfmrs)
> 91.2% energy for
Commercial & Industrial
customers
PV Generation
> 1.873 MW (15.6%
penetration)
> 7 installations (2 > 500kW)
Equipment
> LTC (45 MVA, 10%

regulation)
35/61
Circuit Challenges: High Renewables

Impacts of PV on Load Drop Compensation (LDC)
with a load-tap changing transformer (100%
nameplate PV penetration)
Voltage
Voltage Rise
Rise
LDC
LDC helps
helps
Voltage
Voltage Drop
Drop
LDC
LDC hinders
hinders
36/61
Utility Grid Challenges: High Renewables

Dynamic Dispatch of Balance Power Generators
33% Wind Case
Temporal resolution of balance power dynamics
Tarroja, et al., Renewable

Energy, Vol. 36, Iss. 12, pp.
37/61

Wed also like to know the air quality impacts of such
dynamic dispatch
Need emissions characterization (during start-up,
shut-down, and dynamic dispatch)
Initial approach for spatially allocating emissions
Assume power imports cannot provide the balance power

Dispatch current part-loaded in-basin power plants according
to need and according to loading order observed in data
Install additional power plants if needed, only at current
power plant sites
Dispatch these power plants to meet the remaining balance
power demand
Produce spatially & temporally resolved emissions

fields for use in atmospheric chemistry & transport
model
38/61

24-hour average particulate matter (PM2.5) difference
plot
(Dispatch Case Baseline case)
Carreras-Sospedra, et al., Atmospheric

Environment, Vol. 44, Iss. 26, pp. 3215-
39/61

8-hour average ozone (O3) difference plot
(Dispatch Case Baseline case)
Carreras-Sospedra, et al., Atmospheric

Environment, Vol. 44, Iss. 26, pp. 3215-
40/61
Wind & Hydrogen Energy Storage Dynamics

Compressed Gas Storage & Measured Wind &
Demand Dynamics
Oct. 2
Oct. 3
Oct. 4
Oct. 5
Oct. 6
Oct. 7
Oct. 8
Load shifting from high wind days to low wind days

Ideally, excess wind energy (blue) is captured for later use (red)
Maton, J.P., Zhao, L., Brouwer, J., Intl

Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 38, pp.
41/61
Wind & Hydrogen Energy Storage

Dynamics
Hydrogen Energy Storage
Pressure
Temperature
150
Maximum Pressure
165
360
150
350
135
Temperature (K)
135
370
340
105
330
90
320
75
310
60
300
Pressure (Bar)
120
Minimum Pressure
45
30
Oct. 2
Oct. 3
Oct. 4
290
Oct. 5
Oct. 6
Oct. 7
Oct. 8
280
Pressure
Temperature
Maximum Pressure
120
340
105
330
90
320
75
310
60
300
Minimum Pressure
45
30
Oct. 2
Oct. 3
Oct. 4
290
Oct. 5
Oct. 6
Oct. 7
Oct. 8
Maximum cavern pressure leads to curtailed wind energy

Minimum cavern pressure requires other power plants to come
online to meet grid demand
Hydrogen energy storage captures all wind energy

and meets grid demand at all times
360
350
CAES is limited by its low volumetric energy density
370
Temperature (K)
165
Pressure (Bar)
Compressed Air Energy

Storage

42/61
280
Wind & Hydrogen Energy Storage

Dynamics
Compressed Air Energy
Storage
165
Pressure
Temperature
150
Hydrogen Energy Storage
165
370
Pressure
Temperature
150
360
Maximum Pressure
360
340
120
340
105
330
105
330
90
320
90
320
75
310
75
310
60
300
Minimum Pressure
Pressure (Bar)
45
30
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov Dec
350
Temperature (K)
120
Pressure (Bar)
135
Temperature (K)
350
Maximum Pressure
135
60
290
45
280
30
Jan
300
Minimum Pressure
Feb
Mar
Apr
290
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov Dec
The CAES cavern is completely depleted during

the summer demand peak
Hydrogen energy storage successfully
accomplishes seasonal load shifting
Wind energy stored in winter is used to provide for the large summer
demand
370

43/61
280
Can Fuel Cell & Electrolyzer Dynamics Work?

Natural Gas Transmission and Distribution System
S o u th e r n C a lifo r n ia G a s C o m p a n y F a c ilitie s
L IN E 7 0 3 9
L IN E 7 0 0 0
K E R N R IV E R
S T A T IO N
KE LS O
W HEELER
R ID G E
(6 8 0 M M C F D )
VALLEY SYSTEM
(1 5 0 M M C F D )
TRAN SW E STE RN
L IN E 2 3 5
K E R N /M O J A V E
EL P ASO
AD E LA N TO
HONOR
RANCHO
NORTH
N EED LES
(7 5 0 M M C F D )
M O JA VE
NEW BER RY
L IN E 3 3 5
G O LE TA
VENTU RA
S T A T IO N
Q U IG L E Y
L IN E 2 3 5
N
W
COASTAL SYSTEM
(1 2 0 M M C F D )
L IN E S 4 0 4 /4 0 6
CHINO
PLA Y A
DEL REY
L IN E 5 0 0 0
L IN E 2 0 0 1
L IN E 2 0 0 0
M ORENO
S T A T IO N
BLYTH E
(1 2 1 0 M M C F D )
L IN E 1 0 3 0
YO RBA
L IN E
L IN E
1 0 2 7
1 0 2 8
6 9 0 3
P R E S S U R E L IM IT IN G S T A T IO N
A R IZ O N A
L IN E
S A N D IE G O
6 0 0 0
C E N T R IF U G A L C O M P R E S S O R S T A T IO N
6 9 0 2
R E C IP R O C A T IN G C O M P R E S S O R S T A T IO N
L IN E
LEG END
EL PASO
DESERT
CEN TER
CACTUS
C IT Y
L IN E
DANA
P O IN T
6 9 0 0
G REATER LO S AN G ELES
M E T R O P O L IT A N A R E A
L IN E
L IN E S 3 0 0 0 , 3 0 0 3 , 3 0 0 8 ,
1180, 1181, 1192
A L IS O
CANYO N
L IN E S 1 0 0 3 , 1 0 0 4 ,1 0 0 5
TO PO CK
(54 0 M M C F D )
H ECTO R RD.
(5 0 M M C F D )
L IN E 1 1 8 5
S T O R A G E F IE L D
T R A N S M IS S IO N B A C K B O N E
4 /0 0
N O T TO SC ALE
Carmona, Adrian, M.S. Thesis

Project, UC Irvine, J. Brouwer
44/61
Southern California Gas territory gas energy storage

130 Bcf of Energy Storage - equivalent to more than
11 TWh of electricity storage
Goleta
Aliso Canyon
Playa Del Rey
Honor Rancho
Carmona, Adrian, M.S. Thesis

Project, UC Irvine, J. Brouwer
45/61
Outline
Introduction
Development
Dynamics
Summary
46/61
Irvine Smart Grid Demonstration (ISGD)
Irvine
MacArthur
sub
UCI
~30 Smart Homes
University Hills
Arnold 12kV
Rommel 12kV
Newport Beach
47/61
Irvine Smart Grid Demonstration (ISGD)
URCI
UCI Campus Public

Charging Station
Command Center
Back Office
Battery Storage
URCI
Transformer
FAN
Communications
Circuit
Breaker
MacArthur Substation
Circuit
Breaker
Transformer
URCI
Community
Storage
Distributed
Storage
URCI
Block 1
ZNE
Transformer
Block 2
Home Storage
Arnold Circuit Circuit

Arnold
Transformer
Circuit
RommelRommel
Circuit
Block 3
Community Storage
Block 4
Control Group
URCI
48/61
UCI Microgrid
49/61
UCI Microgrid Physical Features

UCI
Microgrid
Central Plant:
8 chillers TES
Gas turbine: 15.8
MVA
Steam turbine: 6.6 UC
I
MVA
Thermal Storage
4,500,000 Gal
60,000 Ton-Hour
ISGD
50/61

UCI
Microgrid
Central Plant:
8 chillers
Gas turbine: 15.8
MVA
Steam turbine: 6.6
MVA
Thermal Storage
4,500,000 Gal
60,000 Ton-Hour
TES
UC
I
Solar Rooftop
PV
893kW
UCI
Substatio
n
66kV/12k
V
Edison
MacArthu
r
Substatio
n
ISGD
51/61

UCI
Microgrid
Central Plant:
8 chillers
Gas turbine: 15.8
MVA
Steam turbine: 6.6
MVA
UC
I
UCI
Substatio
n
66kV/12k
V
Edison
MacArthu
r
Substatio
n
Thermal Storage
4,500,000 Gal
60,000 Ton-Hour
TES
Solar Rooftop
PV
893kW
CPV
113kW
ISGD
52/61
Central Plant:
8 chillers
Gas turbine: 15.8
MVA
Steam turbine: 6.6
MVA
UC
I
UCI
Substatio
n
66kV/12k
V
Edison
MacArthu
r
Substatio
n
Thermal Storage
4,500,000 Gal
60,000 Ton-Hour
TES
Solar Rooftop
PV
893kW
UCIFL
ZEVNET
vehicle
fleet
CPV
113kW
ISGD
53/61

UCI
Microgrid
Central Plant:
8 chillers
Gas turbine: 15.8
MVA
Steam turbine: 6.6
MVA
UC
I
UCI
Substatio
n
66kV/12k
V
Edison
MacArthu
r
Substatio
n
Thermal Storage
4,500,000 Gal
60,000 Ton-Hour
TES
Solar Rooftop
PV
893kW
180 kg/day
H2 Station
ZEVNET
vehicle
fleet
CPV
113kW
ISGD
54/61
Microgrid Simulation
Working model of UCI Microgrid in ETAP
Central Plant
University
Substation
East
Substation
Univ.
Substation 1
UC 1A/1B
UC 2
UC 3
UC 4
UC 5
Univ.
Substation 2
UC 6A/6B
(UC 7)
UC 8
UC 9A/9B
UC 10
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Microgrid Simulation
Real Power
17.5
15
12.5
Photovoltaic
Campus Loads
SCE import
Combustion Turbine
Generator
Steam Turbine
Generator
10
Power(MW)
7.5
5
2.5
0
12
16
20
24
Time(hrs)
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Dynamics of Increasing Renewables

Simulation Output:
CPV
(UCI Example)
installed 14.6 MW PV fixed and 22 MW

20% renewable penetration
Significant
curtailed
generation
Increase
d GT
ramping
Reduced GT
capacity
factor
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Outline
Introduction
Development
Dynamics
Summary
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Summary
Integrated FC systems can provide unique
performance characteristics essential for
sustainability
Clean, efficient, dispatchable, fuel flexible
Demonstrated the importance of spatial and

temporal resolution of relevant physics, chemistry,
electrochemistry in systems analyses
Provided examples of application, insights
Simple Spatial SOFC Model IGFC systems analyses

Dynamic Fuel Cell Models controls & systems development
Energy Systems high renewable penetration
Energy Systems utility grid network impacts
Fuel cell advancement needs scientific advancement

in many disciplines that intimately engage
engineering understanding of systems integration
59/61
Acknowledgements
Funding Agencies:
U.S. Department of Energy
California Energy Commission
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Collaborating Faculty:
Faryar Jabbari
Bae
Keyue Smedley
Donald Dabdub Joongmyeon

Scott Samuelsen
Research Colleagues & Students:
Randy Gemmen
Fabian Mueller
Rory Roberts
Dustin McLarty
Tomohiko Kaneko
Mu Li
Ashok Rao
Ghazal Razeghi
Travis Shultz
Marc Carreras
Andrew Martinez
Hossein Ghezel-Ayagh
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Thank You
hanks For Your Attention
61/61
Outline
Motivation Clean, Efficient & Sustainable
What should we do?
How can we do it?
Summary
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What Should We Do?
Id put my money on the

sun & solar energy. What
a source of power! I
hope we dont have to
wait until oil and coal run
out before we tackle that.
I wish I had more years
left.
Thomas Edison, 1931
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What Should We Do?
Use MORE Solar Power

PV, dish Stirling, solar-thermal
Widely available peaking resource
Challenges: intermittent, expensive, diffuse
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What Should We Do?
Use MORE Solar Power

Challenges: 20-30% capacity factor, intermittent,
diffuse,
expensive to recover
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What Should We Do?

Use MORE Wind Power
Small Wind (<50kW) remote, distributed
applications
Air 403
Whisper 175
Whisper h40
Single Remote
Home Example
Whisper h80
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What Should We Do?
Use MORE Wind Power

Large Wind (multi-MW) Still distributed, data-center
sizes
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What Should We Do?

Where Can Wind Power be Sited?
NREL, 2008
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What Should We Do?

Wind Power Challenges: Intermittency, noncoincidence
Example of Intermittency & Non-Coincidence with Peak
Demand
CAISO, 2007
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Outline
What should we do?
How can we do it?
Summary
70/61
How Can We Do It?

Use MORE Renewable Energy Solar, Wind, Geothermal
But, these resources are intermittent, uncontrollable, and/or not
available when and where data centers (or other power demands)
must be met
Need for smart dynamically dispatched, clean, efficient &

sustainable energy conversion to complement these
resources
Today we use natural gas fired gas turbine technology
High efficiency, low emissions at central plant scale
Still has emissions of pollutants and GHGs
Not as efficient at smaller scales
Fuel Cell technology is a good candidate
Zero emissions (H2 operation), ultra-low emissions (hydrocarbon

operation)
High efficiency even at small size
Can operate on locally available renewable fuels and natural gas
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How Can We Do It? (RedOx Reactions)

Traditional energy conversion (combustion) temperature
difference
CH4
O2
Reduction and Oxidation
occur at the same place & time
8 e
CH4 + 2 O2
CO2 + 2 H2O
+ 4 e
Formal
Valence: C: 4
O:
0
2
First produce heat

Random electron flow
Conversion to electricit
Pollutants also formed
+ 4 e
+4
2
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How Can We Do It? (RedOx Reactions)

Fuel cell energy conversion device chemical potential
difference
CH4
oxidation
Load
reduction
O2
Reduction and Oxidation separated in space:
First produce electricity

Ordered electron flow
No pollutants formed
Oxidation: CH4 + 2 H2O CO2 + 8 H+ + 8 e

Reduction: 2 O2 + 8 e + 8 H+ 4 H2O
Formal
Valence: C: 4
O: 0 2 2
+4
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How Can We Do It?
Fuel
AFC
SOFC
PAFC
and
PEMFC
MCFC
Product Gases
Residual Fuel
Load
Fuel Cell Types
H2
H 2O
H2
H2O
H2
H2
CO2
H2O
e
OH-
O2
80C
O=
O2
650-1000C
O2
200C
H2O
90C
H+
CO3
O2
CO2
650C
Product Gases
Residual Oxidant
Anode
Electrolyte
(Ion Conductor)
Oxidant
Cathode
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How Can We Do It?

STATIONARY FC DEPLOYMENTS
NATURAL GAS
RENEWABLE
California State
University
East Bay
> 50
> 38
TOTAL =
> 100 MW
STATIONARY FC MARKETS
WASTEWATER PLANTS
HOTELS
FOOD PROCESSING
BREWERIES
GOVERNMENT
UNIVERSITIES
HOSPITALS
INDUSTRIES
COMMUNICATIONS
UTILITIES
GROCERY STORES
Inland Empire Utilities
MANUFACTURING
Agency
Ontario
200
3
SOURCE: SGIP
RENEWABLE
RENEWABLE
California State
University
Northridge
Gills Onions
Oxnard
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How Can We Do It?

STATIONARY FC DEPLOYMENTS
NATURAL GAS
RENEWABLE
TOTAL =
> 50
> 38
> 100 MW
STATIONARY FC MARKETS
WASTEWATER PLANTS
HOTELS
FOOD PROCESSING
BREWERIES
GOVERNMENT
UNIVERSITIES
HOSPITALS
INDUSTRIES
Google
COMMUNICATIONS
UTILITIES
Silicon
Valley
GROCERY STORES
MANUFACTURING
200
9
eBay
Silicon Valley
SOURCE: SGIP
CalTech
Pasadena
Walmart
Hemet
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Can this be done for the entire state of CA?
Cavern size of 3.8 million m3 was able to store all otherwise

curtailed wind in CA for the entire year for a case with 50%
renewable power (mix of solar/wind)
Adria Carmona, M.S. Thesis, UC

Irvine, Jack Brouwer, advisor,
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Outline
What should we do?
How can we do it?
Summary
78/61

All societies and economies depend upon energy
conversion
Economic prosperity
Health
Mobility
Freedom, Quality of Life,
Everything that companies and people do has some

dependence upon & relationship to energy conversion
Fortunately humans have discovered and advanced
energy conversion technology
Fire
High density energy carriers (e.g., HC fuels)
Engines
Environmental Improvements
Higher efficiency
Lower emissions
79/61

Unfortunately energy conversion technologies are the largest
contributors to significant environmental and geopolitical
problems
Criteria Pollutant Emissions
Acid Rain
Particulate Matter
Volatile Organic Compounds
Nitrogen and Sulfur Oxides
Carbon Monoxide
Serious Health
and Air Quality
Consequences
Los Angeles
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Beijing
Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide,
Resource recovery damage (e.g., mines)

Regional resource depletion energy geopolitical
dependencies
Overall primary energy resource depletion not sustainable
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Most projections (EIA, IEA) suggest more of the
same
So plugging in all our stuff and
driving like we are will lead to:
Air quality problems

(not clean, not sustainable)
Greenhouse gas emissions
(not efficient, not sustainable)
Resource depletion
(not clean, not efficient, not sustainable)
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Local Resource Dynamics Can Support Grid
Grid-responsive chiller dispatch and thermal storage (like

electric storage) reduces curtailment at high renewable
penetrations on the grid
Grid
Not Grid
Responsive
Responsive
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Jack Brouwer Seminar

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Design, Control and Integration of

Next Generation Power and

Jack Brouwer, Ph.D.

National Fuel Cell Research Center 2015

NFCRC Work and Associated Experience

Fundamental and applied research for developing and

Fuel Cell Dynamics and Control

Education and Outreach

H2, Heat & Power

Recognized Expertise in:

Emphasis on high temperature fuel cells

First U.S. University Graduate Fuel Cell Course (2001)

National Fuel Cell Research Center 2015

National Fuel Cell Research Center

National Fuel Cell Research Center 2015

A few important aspects of Energy Systems

Spatial & Temporal resolution

Make simplifying assumptions

National Fuel Cell Research Center 2015

Rigorously analyze the

National Fuel Cell Research Center 2015

Integrated Gasification Fuel Cell Plant

National Fuel Cell Research Center 2015

Li, et al., Journal of Power

We desire to resolve some features of modern SOFC

Planar SOFC Model Geometry

Quasi-2D co/counter flow planar SOFC model

National Fuel Cell Research Center 2015

Li, M., Powers, J.D., and Brouwer, J., Journal of

Li, M., Powers, J.D., and Brouwer, J., Journal of

1-D Model Integration into Systems Analysis

HP SOFC & Heat

National Fuel Cell Research Center 2015

Li, et al., Journal of Power

Challenges Identified: 0-D vs. 1-D

National Fuel Cell Research Center 2015

IGFC Performance Comparison

1-D Single Stage

Coal energy input

1,397 GJ/h (HHV)

1,397 GJ/h (HHV)

SOFC operation pressure

Gross power output

Cathode exhaust expander

Total gross power generated

Auxiliary power consumption (incomplete list)

SOFC air compressor/blower

Total internal power

Net electric power

Overall thermal efficiency

Li, M., Rao, A.D., Brouwer, J., and Samuelsen,

Strategy for Mitigating High T Challenge

Li, M., Rao, A.D., Brouwer, J., and Samuelsen,

National Fuel Cell Research Center 2015

IGFC Performance Comparison

Coal energy input

1,397 GJ/h (HHV)

1,397 GJ/h (HHV)

SOFC operation pressure

Gross power output

Cathode exhaust expander

Total gross power generated

Auxiliary power consumption (incomplete list)

SOFC air compressor/blower