Leadership Styles

Governments around the world

Totalitarianism
absolute control by a political party - often
communist, socialist or fascist ideology
all economic activity is controlled by the party
Totalitarian governments are often led by a
dictator who has complete power. These
countries are often also aggressive and racist.

Totalitarianism
Totalitarian governments are effective:
when a goal must be accomplished in a set time
period
when all citizens agree to policies/goals set by the
leader(s)
if the leader abides by the same rules as the
citizens

Totalitarianism
Totalitarian governments are not effective:
if citizens do not agree to the rules/policies set by
the leader
if the leader does not follow the same rules as the
citizens
if there is no time limit for a goal

Totalitarianism
U.S.S.R. 1922 - Joseph Stalin

Totalitarianism
Italy 1922 - Benito Mussolini

Totalitarianism
Germany 1933 - Adolf Hitler

Totalitarianism
Spain 1936 - Francisco Franco

Totalitarianism
North Korea 1948 - Kim Il-sung

Totalitarianism
China 1949 - Mao Zedong

Totalitarianism
Cuba 1959 - Fidel Castro

Autocracy
leader has absolute power, and tells others what to do
limited discussion on ideas
leader can be elected into power
decisions may be made by a monarch (hereditary
leadership) or a dictator (non-hereditary leadership)
only an absolute monarchy has total control.
constitutional monarchies (Great Britain, Canada)
do not, and are not considered autocratic

Autocracy
Can a Totalitarian Government have an autocratic
leader?
Yes, they can and most often do. Totalitarianism is
the presence of total government control, whereas
an autocracy indicates the presence of a dictator
or a monarch

Autocracy
Autocracies are effective:
when time is limited in decision making
individuals/groups lack skill and knowledge
citizens do not get along or are unable to cooperate
citizens and government staff do not respond to
leadership styles

Autocracy
Autocracies are not effective:
when developing a strong sense of teamwork is a
goal
citizens have some degree of skill or knowledge
when citizens want their opinion to be heard

Autocratic Leaders

King Louis XIV of

France reigned for 72
years

Autocratic Leaders

Joseph Stalin - U.S.S.R.

30 years in power

Autocratic Leaders

Adolf Hitler - Germany

12 years in power

Autocratic Leaders

Muammar Gaddafi Libya 32 years in

power

Autocratic Leaders

Bashar al-Assad Syria

in power since
2000

Oligarchy

an oligarchy is similar to an autocratic government

except that power rests in a small group rather
than one person

Democracy
decisions are made by the majority
power rests in the body of citizens, and the head
of government is not a monarch
some democratic countries have a monarch, but
still elect a government to make decisions. The
monarch has little power. This situation is called a
constitutional monarchy.

Democracy
Democratic governments are effective:
when there is a high degree of skill and/or
motivation among citizens
a sense of teamwork exists
routines are familiar to citizens

Democracy
Democratic governments are not effective:
when there is a low degree of skill or knowledge
among citizens
when a low sense of teamwork/interdependence
exists
citizens expect to be told what to do

Democracy
Canada

Democracy
United States of America

Democracy
Japan

Democracy
India

Democracy
England

Laissez-Faire

no group leader or system of government

a state of social disorder due to lack of
government
laissez-faire is also known as anarchy

Laissez-Faire
Laissez-faire is effective:
when time is available
group is motivated and/or a sense of team exists
members of the group have some degree of skill
or knowledge

Laissez-Faire
Laissez-faire is not effective:
high degree of conflict is present
group is unmotivated
members of the group have little skill or
knowledge

Laissez-Faire
Laissez-faire is not effective:
high degree of conflict is present
group is unmotivated
members of the group have little skill or
knowledge

Laissez-Faire
Somalia

Theocracy

leadership by religion

Theocracy
Theocracy is effective:
when all citizens possess the same understanding
of the religion
when values/morals/ethics are the same for all
citizens

Theocracy
Theocracy is not effective:
when religious rules are interpreted differently
among citizens
when values/morals/ethics are different among
citizens

Theocracy
Vatican City - Pope Benedict XVI

Theocracy
Iran - Sayyed Ali Khamenei

Aristocracy

decisions made by those considered to be superior

through wealth or education
people in charge considered naturally better or
high born

Aristocracy
Aristocracy is effective:
when the aristocracy is interested in the welfare
well-being of the citizens

Aristocracy is not effective:

when the aristocracy becomes self-interested and
greedy

French Estates System

Bishops - 139
First Estate (Clergy) Monks
- 25 000
Nuns - 40 000
Lower Clergy - 50 000

Second Estate
(Nobility)
Third Estate
(Everyone
else)

350 000

24 500 000