EE 306

TRANSFORMERS
Instructor:
Dr. Mahamed Shwehdi
Done By:
Ahmad Saleh Al-Owied
1

Transformers

Very large three-phase network transformer.

2

Transformer
electromagnetic device (mutual induction)

1. components:

-- 2 adjacent coils

-- coils not physically connected to each other

Transformer (cont.)
2. operation:
a) AC in primary coil produces B
b) Secondary coil receives a in I & V
S
N

S
N

Transformers

Wye / Wye connection

IA

Ia

a
VAB

VBN

Van

VAN
N

VCN

Vbn

Vcn

Vab
b

Transformers
Transformer
Supply
Network

Three-phase network supplies a

load through a transformer.

Load
Y-Y

Vnet_AN

Xnet

VAN

Van

Xtr_s

IA

Vload_an

Ia

Equivalent circuit of the wye-wye

Supply Network

Transformer

Xtr_s

Xnet
Vnet_AN

IA

Load

VAN

Van

Ia

Vload_an

Single-phase equivalent circuit for phase

A of the three-phase wye-wye
transformer system

Wye / Delta connection

A
VAB
VCA

VBC

VAN
VBN

Ia

IA

VCN
N

Iac
c

Iba
b

Icb

Ib

Ic

a
Vab
b

Vca

Vbc
c

Transformers
VAN

Transformer
A IA

AC

VBN

AC

VCN

IB

AC

Vab

IC

Vca

Ib

Iac
Vbc
Iac

VCN

Ia

Vab

Icb
VBN

VBC
C

Supply

VAN

VAB
VCA

Iba

Vbc
c

Iab
Ica
Ibc

Ic

Vca

Load

Wye-delta connected transformer

Transformers
Rtr_p

Xtr_p
IA

Vp_AN

Rc

spe

T
Xm

Xtr_s

Van

VAN

Rtr_s
Ia

Vs_an

Y-

Single-phase equivalent circuit of a wye-delta transformer.

Delta / Wye connection

A
VAB
VCA

B
VBC
C

IA

Ia

Vbn
IAB
n

IB

IC

ICA
IBC

Vcn

Van

Ib
Ic

a
Vab
b

Vca

Vbc
c

10

Delta / Delta connection

IA
A
VAB
B

Ia
a

Iba

IAB
ICA

Iac

Vab
b
c

11

Transformers
Three-phase Transformer Relations
Transformer
Connection

Primary and Secondary Voltage Phase

Relation

Wye-Wye

VAN is in phase with Van

Zero

A and a

Wye-Delta

VAN is in phase with Vab

30

A and ab

Delta-Wye

VAB is in phase with Van

30

AB and a

Delta-Delta

VAB is in phase with Vab

Zero

AB and ab

Phase Shift*

Windings Placed on the Same

Leg

* Note:
Phase shift lead between line-to-line voltages, VAB and Vab, and line-to-neutral voltages, VAN and Van, and line
currents, IA and Ia.

12

Transformer Turns Ratio

ratio of the # of turns in the

secondary coil to the # of turns in
the primary coil

numerical factor indicating relative change in

PD across a transformer

NS
TR
NP

TR > 1 = V (step up)

TR < 1 = V (step down)

13

Transformer Law
(change in voltage in a transformer)
in V is directly proportional to the ratio of the #
of turns in the secondary to the # of turns in the
primary

Formula:

NS VS
=
NP VP

NS secondary coil turns

NP primary coil turns
VS secondary voltage
VP primary voltage

direct relationship

14

Transformer Current

Current in a transformer will be inversely

proportional to the TR of the transformer
formula: NS
IP primary coil current
IP

NP

IS

IS secondary coil current

I vs. V = inverse relationship

VS IP
=
VP IS

15

Types of Transformers

Based on TURNS RATIO

1. step-up
turns ratio > 1
VS > VP
IS < IP

2. step-down
turns ratio < 1
VS < VP
IS > IP

16

Transformer Types (cont.)

Based on STRUCTURE OF COILS
1. air core
-- inside area of coil is
empty
-- inefficient induction

2. open core
-- ferromagnetic
material inside coils
-- B = induction

17

Transformer Types (cont.)

3. closed core
-- ferromagnetic ends
connected
-- induction

4. shell
-- lazy square eight
-- overlap of coils on
same ferromagnetic
core
18