CH 17 Respiratory Mechanics 07

POWERPOINT LECTURE SLIDE PRESENTATION
by LYNN CIALDELLA, MA, MBA, The University of Texas at Austin

Additional Text by J Padilla exclusively for physiology at ECC
UNIT 3
17
Mechanics of Breathing
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH
DEE UNGLAUB SILVERTHORN
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
FOURTH EDITION
About this Chapter

The respiratory system
Gas laws
Ventilation
Respiratory System
Exchange of gases between the atmosphere and
the blood- inhale O2 and exhale CO2
Homeostatic regulation of body pH- the amounts of
CO2 in the blood affect the pH
Protection from inhaled pathogens and irritating
substances- preventive mechanisms against
pathogens that could cause harm
Vocalization- voice production is possible when one
exhales
Principles of Bulk Flow

THESE ARE FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE FLOW OF AIRNOTICE HOW THEY ARE THE SAME AS THOSE THAT
AFFECT THE FLOW OF BLOOD
Flow from regions of higher to lower pressure

Muscular pump creates pressure gradients
Resistance to flow
Diameter of tubes
Respiratory System
Right ventricle pulmonary trunk lungs
pulmonary veins left atrium
Ventilation
External
Respiration
Circulation
Internal
Respiration
Cellular
Respiration
Figure 17-1
Respiratory System
Conducting system- components of the respiratory
tract that are involved with the flow of air and not the
exchange
Alveoli- site for quick two-way transfer of substances
between the blood and the lung tissue
Bones and muscle of thorax- (muscular pump) use
to increase or decrease pressure to create. Includes the
diaphram, internal/external intercostal, abdominals,
ect.
Respiratory System
Lungs are
surrounded
by serous
membranes
that make up
the pleura
Figure 17-2a
Muscles Used for Ventilation
Some muscles
are only used
during forceful
expiration or
inspiration
Figure 17-2b
The Respiratory System

The relationship between the pleural sac and the lung
Pleural fluid reduces friction

and protects the lungs
Figure 17-3
Branching of Airways
Branching of
airways changes
in ways similar to
how it occurs in
blood vessels. In
the lungs airway
diameter is also
mediated by
smooth muscle
Figure 17-2e
Branching of the Airways
As branching becomes more numerous the wall thin

out. Alveoli design allows for increased surface area.
Figure 17-4
Alveolar Structure
Type I cells
make up the
walls of the
alveoli
Type II cells
release
surfactant to
prevent
alveolar
collapse
Figure 17-2g
Gas Laws
Keep these laws in mind as you learn how
respiration occurs.
Gas Laws
Pgas = Patm % of gas in atmosphere
Temperature and humidity affect how much a

gas expands
Boyles Law
Gases move from areas of high pressure to areas of low
pressure
Figure 17-5
Spirometer
This apparatus measure the air going into or out

of the lungs. It does not measure the TOTAL air
volume moving in the lungs because, like the
heart, they are never completely empty.
Figure 17-6
Lungs Volumes and Capacities
RV= residual volume ERV=air forcefully exhaled Vt= amount

the is normally exhaled& inhaled IRV= additional air above Vt
VC=maximum amount of air that can move in/out
Figure 17-7
Conditioning
Functions performed by the nasal epithelium:
Warming air to body temperature
Adding water vapor
Filtering out foreign material
Ciliated Respiratory Epithelium
Figure 17-8
Air Flow
Flow P/R = air flows due to pressure gradient and
decreased with increased resistance
Alveolar pressure or intrapleural pressure can be
measured = the amount of air that moves in/out can
be used to infer pressure
Single respiratory cycle consists of inspiration
followed by expiration= remember- there is quiet
and forced breathing
Movement of the Diaphragm
Movement of the Rib Cage during Inspiration

Rib
movement
increases or
decreases the
width of the
rib cage.
Pressure Changes during Quiet Breathing
Notice the intrapleural

pressure drops more than
alveolar and it is not exactly
aligned with alveolar
changes
Figure 17-11
Pressure in the Pleural Cavity

The pull on the
walls creates a
pressure lower
than
atmosphericallowing air to
move in and
keep the lung
from collapsing
Figure 17-12a
Pressure in the Pleural Cavity

Pneumothorax results in collapsed lung that can not
function normally
Figure 17-12b
Compliance and Elastance

Compliance: ability to stretch
High compliance- not a helpful condition in lungs
Stretches easily- but has low recoil
Low compliance
Requires more force- more work is needed to
stretch a stiff lung
Restrictive lung diseases- pathology decreasing
copliance
Fibrotic lung diseases and inadequate
surfactant production- inelastic scar tissue and
alveolar walls that stick together
Elastance: returning to its resting volume when

stretching force is released
Law of LaPlace
Surface tension is created by the thin fluid layer
between alveolar cells and the air
Figure 17-13
Surfactant
More concentrated in smaller alveoli
Mixture containing proteins and phospholipids
Newborn respiratory distress syndrome
Premature babies
Inadequate surfactant concentrations
Air Flow
As in
circulatory
system the
major factor
affecting
resistance is
vessel
diameter
PLAY Animation: Respiratory System: Pulmonary Ventilation

Ventilation ****
Total pulmonary ventilation and alveolar ventilation
Total pulmonary ventilation = ventilation rate tidal
volume
Dead space filled with fresh air
150
mL
2700 mL
0m
50
35
0
Only
350 mL
of fresh air
reaches
alveoli.
Dead space
is filled with
fresh air.
1 End of inspiration
0
15
Atmospheric
air
The first exhaled

air comes out of
the dead space.
Only 350 mL leaves
the alveoli.
150
mL
150
350
150
Respiratory
cycle in
an adult
3 At the end of
expiration, the
dead space is
filled with
stale air from
alveoli.
2200 mL
2200 mL
4
The first 150 mL

of air into the
alveoli is stale
air from the
dead space.
Dead space filled

with stale air
4
150
mL
2200 mL
Exhale 500 mL
(tidal volume).
Inhale 500 mL
of fresh air
(tidal volume).
KEY
PO2 = 160 mm Hg
PO2 ~~ 100 mm Hg
Figure 17-14
Ventilation

150
mL
2700 mL
1
Respiratory
cycle in
an adult
KEY
PO2 = 160 mm Hg
PO2 ~~ 100 mm Hg
Figure 17-14, step 1
Ventilation

150
mL
2700 mL
The first exhaled

air comes out of
the dead space.
Only 350 mL leaves
the alveoli.
0
15
35
0
2
150
mL
Respiratory
cycle in
an adult
Exhale 500 mL
(tidal volume).
2200 mL
KEY
PO2 = 160 mm Hg
PO2 ~~ 100 mm Hg
Figure 17-14, steps 12
Ventilation

150
mL
2700 mL
The first exhaled

air comes out of
the dead space.
Only 350 mL leaves
the alveoli.
0
15
35
0
2
150
mL
Respiratory
cycle in
an adult
2200 mL
Dead space filled

with stale air
Exhale 500 mL
(tidal volume).
3 At the end of
expiration, the
dead space is
filled with
stale air from
alveoli.
150
mL
2200 mL
KEY
PO2 = 160 mm Hg
PO2 ~~ 100 mm Hg
Ventilation

150
mL
2700 mL
0m
50
35
0
Only
350 mL
of fresh air
reaches
alveoli.
Dead space
is filled with
fresh air.
0
15
Atmospheric
air
The first exhaled

air comes out of
the dead space.
Only 350 mL leaves
the alveoli.
150
mL
150
350
150
Respiratory
cycle in
an adult
3 At the end of
expiration, the
dead space is
filled with
stale air from
alveoli.
2200 mL
2200 mL
4
The first 150 mL

of air into the
alveoli is stale
air from the
dead space.
Dead space filled

with stale air
4
150
mL
2200 mL
Exhale 500 mL
(tidal volume).
Inhale 500 mL
of fresh air
(tidal volume).
KEY
PO2 = 160 mm Hg
PO2 ~~ 100 mm Hg
Ventilation

150
mL
2700 mL
0m
50
35
0
Only
350 mL
of fresh air
reaches
alveoli.
Dead space
is filled with
fresh air.
0
15
Atmospheric
air
The first exhaled

air comes out of
the dead space.
Only 350 mL leaves
the alveoli.
150
mL
150
350
150
Respiratory
cycle in
an adult
3 At the end of
expiration, the
dead space is
filled with
stale air from
alveoli.
2200 mL
2200 mL
4
The first 150 mL

of air into the
alveoli is stale
air from the
dead space.
Dead space filled

with stale air
4
150
mL
2200 mL
Exhale 500 mL
(tidal volume).
Inhale 500 mL
of fresh air
(tidal volume).
KEY
PO2 = 160 mm Hg
PO2 ~~ 100 mm Hg
Ventilation
Alveolar ventilation =
ventilation rate (tidal volume dead space volume)
Ventilation
Ventilation
Effects of changing alveolar ventilation on PO2 and PCO2
in the alveoli
Figure 17-15
Ventilation
Notice that the sytemic arterioles and

bronchioles react the same and opposite
to the pulmonary arterioles.
Ventilation
Auscultation = diagnostic technique- listening to
breath sounds to resulting from different types of fluid
accumulations or membrane changes
Obstructive lung diseases- cause narrowing of the
bronchioles reducing the amount of air flow
Asthma- caused by allergies leading to inflammation
or edema
Emphysema- reduction in alveolar surface area,
decreased tissue elasticity, mucous build-up
Chronic bronchitis- also called COPD- inflammation
of the bronchioles due to infection
Causes of Low Alveolar PO2 (Chapter 18)

Inspired air has abnormally low oxygen content
Altitude
Alveolar ventilation is inadequate

Decreased lung compliance
Increased airway resistance
Overdose of drugs
Pathological changes
Decrease in amount of alveolar surface area
Increase in thickness of alveolar membrane
Increase in diffusion distance between alveoli and
blood
Alveolar Ventilation (Chapter 18)

Pathological conditions that reduce alveolar ventilation
and gas exchange
-only high altitude reduces oxygen amounts in air
-most disorders are due to decreased lung compliance,
increased resistance, or slow ventilation (CNS affected)
Figure 18-4a

Diffusion rate is proportional to surface area- here the
walls are broken down, the lung now has highcompliance, low-elasticity
Figure 18-4b
Healthy Lung
Emphysema

Diffusion rate is inversely proportional to
membrane thickness- thickened by scar
tissue
Figure 18-4c

Diffusion rate is inversely proportional to
distance
Figure 18-4d

Decreased ventilation brings in low oxygen
and thus the blood will have less oxygen
dissolved in it
Figure 18-4e
Lung Cancer

CH 17 Respiratory Mechanics 07

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POWERPOINT LECTURE SLIDE PRESENTATION

by LYNN CIALDELLA, MA, MBA, The University of Texas at Austin

About this Chapter

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Principles of Bulk Flow

Flow from regions of higher to lower pressure

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Muscles Used for Ventilation

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Respiratory System

Pleural fluid reduces friction

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Branching of the Airways

As branching becomes more numerous the wall thin

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Temperature and humidity affect how much a

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

This apparatus measure the air going into or out

Lungs Volumes and Capacities

RV= residual volume ERV=air forcefully exhaled Vt= amount

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Ciliated Respiratory Epithelium

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Movement of the Diaphragm

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Movement of the Rib Cage during Inspiration

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Pressure Changes during Quiet Breathing

Notice the intrapleural

Pressure in the Pleural Cavity

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Pressure in the Pleural Cavity

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Compliance and Elastance

Elastance: returning to its resting volume when

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

PLAY Animation: Respiratory System: Pulmonary Ventilation

The first exhaled

The first 150 mL

Dead space filled

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Dead space filled with fresh air

Figure 17-14, step 1

Dead space filled with fresh air

The first exhaled

Figure 17-14, steps 12

Dead space filled with fresh air

The first exhaled

Dead space filled

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 17-14, steps 13

Dead space filled with fresh air

The first exhaled

The first 150 mL

Dead space filled

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 17-14, steps 14