Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Thermal Properties
of Materials
A2
Mr. Chong Kwai Kun
Learning Outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a) explain using a simple kinetic model for matter why
melting and boiling take place without a change in temperature
the specific latent heat of vaporisation is higher than specific latent heat of
fusion for the same substance
a cooling effect accompanies evaporation
(b) define and use the concept of specific heat capacity, and identify the main
principles of its determination by electrical methods
(c) define and use the concept of specific latent heat, and identify the main
principles of its determination by electrical methods
(d) relate a rise in temperature of a body to an increase in its internal energy
(e) show an understanding that internal energy is determined by the state of the
system and that it can be expressed as the sum of a random distribution of
kinetic and potential energies associated with the molecules of a system
(f) recall and use the first law of thermodynamics expressed in terms of the
increase in internal energy, the heating of the system and the work done on
the system.
CHAPTER
13.1
Specific Heat
Capacity
Q
C
Q C
= change in temperature
SI unit is J K1 or J C1
Question 1
Question 2
Q
c
m
Q mc
= change in temperature
m = mass of substance
SI unit is J K1 kg1 or J C1 kg1
Question 3
What is the amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of 3 kg of iron from 20 0C to 800C
given that the specific heat capacity of iron is 460
J /(kg oC) ?
Q = mc
= 3kg x 460J/(kg oC) x (80 - 20)oC
= 82 800 J
Question 4
Aluminium
brass
glass
ice
iron
mercury
water
zinc
methylated spirit
900
380
670
2100
460
140
4200
390
2400
Applications of High
Specific Heat Capacity of
Water has a high specific
heat capacity.
Water
Solid
Lagging = insulator e.g. wool
Solid
Assuming no heat is lost to the surroundings,
Heat supplied by heater = Heat absorbed by solid
P t = mc
Liquid
calorimeter
Liquid
Assuming no heat is lost to the surroundings,
Heat supplied by heater = Heat absorbed by
liquid + heat absorbed by calorimeter
P t = mlcl + mccc
Question 5
Question 6
Question 7
CHAPTER
13.2
Specific
Latent Heat
Notes:
Temperature at which this change of state occurs is
called the melting point of the substance.
Reverse process is freezing.
Melting Point
Determined by plotting cooling curve shown below.
Melting Point
During melting, the heat energy is not used to
increase the temperature but rather to move the
molecules slightly further apart.
This means that the PE of the molecules increases.
Constant temperature means the average KE of the
molecules remains unchanged.
Energy that is absorbed without a change in
temperature is termed latent heat of fusion (melting)
of the substance.
Boiling
Boiling
Notes:
Temperature at which this change of state occurs is
called the boiling point of the substance.
Reverse process is condensation.
Boiling only happen when boiling point is reached.
Boiling Point
During boiling, the heat energy is not used to
increase the temperature but rather to do work:
1. to separate the molecules and
2. to push back on the surrounding atmosphere
Again constant temperature means the average KE
of the molecules remains unchanged.
Evaporation
1. The molecules of a liquid are always moving randomly
at different speeds.
2. At the liquid surface, those molecules which are more
energetic are able to overcome the attractive forces of
other molecules and escape into the atmosphere.
3. This process is known as evaporation.
4. Evaporation can happen at any temperature.
5. Evaporation occurs when faster-moving molecules
escape from attraction and leave surface of liquid.
6. After the faster molecules have left, the average kinetic
energy of the remaining molecules is lowered.
7. Since the temperature is directly proportional to the
average KE, therefore, the temperature drops.
8. Evaporation caused cooling effect.
EVAPORATION
Occurs at a fixed
temperature
Temperature remains
constant
Accompanied by cooling
Source of energy
needed
Energy supplied by
surrounding
Notes:
or
Q
Lf
m
Q = m Lf
Q = heat
m = mass
Hence,
Q
LV
m
or Q mLV
J / kg
Lv > L f
LIQUID TO GAS:
1. Energy is needed to separate the molecules against
their mutual attractions.
2. In addition, extra energy needed for the vapour to push
back on the surrounding atmosphere.
This is why Lv is much larger than Lf
Question 8
Question 9
Question 10
Question 11
Question 12
Question 12 (Continued)
CHAPTER
13.3
Internal
Energy
Internal Energy
Internal
Energy
Notes:
Includes kinetic and potential energy associated with
the random translational, rotational and vibrational
motion of the atoms or molecules
Also includes the intermolecular potential energy
Does not include macroscopic kinetic energy or
external potential energy
Internal Energy
Internal energy
components:
is
made
up
of
two
Thermal Energy
Thermal energy:
the total energy of all the particles in a substance.
Thermal energy =
CHAPTER
13.4
First Law of
Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is the branch of
physics that is built upon the
fundamental laws that heat and work
obey.
The collection of objects on which
attention is being focused is called the
system, while everything else in the
environment
is
called
the
surroundings.
U Q W
Heat is positive when the system gains heat and
negative when the system loses heat.
Work is negative when it is done by the system and
negative when it is done on the system.
Question 12
(a)
U Q W
U 1500 J 2200 J
U 700 J
Question 13
(b)
U Q W
U 1500 J 2200 J
U 3700 J
Question 14
The temperature of three moles of a monatomic ideal gas is
reduced from 540K to 350K as 5500J of heat flows into the
gas.
Find (a) the change in internal energy and (b) the work done
by the gas.
U U f U i Q W
U 32 nRT
(a)
U 32 nRT f 32 nRTi
(b)
3
2
isobaric process
An isobaric process is one that occurs at constant pressure.
W Fs P As PV
Isobaric process:
W PV
Question 15
One gram of water is placed in the
cylinder and the pressure is maintained
at 2.0x105Pa. The temperature of the
water is raised by 31oC. The water is in
the liquid phase and expands by the
small amount of 1.0x10-8m3.
Find the work done and the change in
internal energy.
Solution
W PV
Isochronic
isochoric: constant volume
U Q W Q
W 0
Why is work equal to 0 for an isochoric process?
Isothermal
ISOTHERMAL EXPANSION OR COMPRESSION
Isothermal expansion or
compression of an ideal
gas
Vf
W nRT ln
Vi
Question 16
Two moles of the monatomic gas argon expand isothermally
at 298K from and initial volume of 0.025m 3 to a final volume
of 0.050m3. Assuming that argon is an ideal gas, find
(a) the work done by the gas,
(b) the change in internal energy of the gas, and
(c) the heat supplied to the gas.
Solution
Vf
0.050 m 3
(a) W nRT ln
V 2.0 8.31 298 ln 0.025 m 3
i
(b)
U 32 nRT f 32 nRTi 0
(c)
U Q W
Q W 3400 J
3400 J
Adiabatic
ADIABATIC
EXPANSION
COMPRESSION
Adiabatic
expansion
compression of a monatomic
ideal gas
OR
or
W nR T f Ti
3
2
Question 17
0.10 mol of a monoatomic gas follows the process shown in the
Figure, What is the total change in thermal energy of the gas?
Question 18
Question 18
Definition
The energy needed
to change a
substance from
solid to liquid
without a change in
temperature.
Latent
The energy needed
heat of
to change a
vaporisati substance from
on
liquid to gas
without a change in
temperature.
Specific
The amount of
latent
energy needed to
heat of
change a unit mass
fusion
of a substance from
Formul
a
Units
Latent
heat of
fusion
J kg-1
Definition
Formula
Specific
The amount of
latent
energy needed to
heat of
change a unit mass
fusion
of a substance from
solid to liquid
without a change in
temperature.
Specific
The amount of
latent
energy needed to
heat of
change a unit mass
vaporisati of a substance from
on
liquid to gas without
a change in
temperature.
Units
J kg-1
J kg-1