Chapter1TheSoilsAroundUs

Earth,uniqueforsoilandwater.(NASA)
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Figure1.1

(a)

(b)

(d)

(c)

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Figure1.2

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THENATUREANDPROPERTIESOFSOILS,13/e
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EssentialElements

C.B. HOPKiNS CaFe, Co.

Closed Monday Morning and Night
See You Zoon, the Mg.

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Figure1.4

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Figure1.5

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Figure1.7

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Figure1.8

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Figure1.9

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SoilHorizons
Asoilhorizonisalayerofsoil,revealedinasoilprofile,lying
approximatelyparalleltotheearth'ssurface,andpossessing
relativelyhomogeneousphysical,chemical,andbiological
properties.
OHorizons
Organichorizonatthesoilsurface,usuallyunconsolidatedorganicmaterial
(leaflitter,roots,leaves,etc.),notsaturatedwithwater.
OiHorizon
FibricmaterialRecognizableplantandanimalparts

OeHorizon
HemicmaterialsFinelyfragmentedresiduesintermediatelydecomposed

OaHorizon
SapricmaterialsHighlydecomposed,smooth,andamorphousresidues

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SoilHorizons
AHorizons
Mineralhorizonformedatornearthesurfacewherehumified
organicmatterisassociatedwithmineralmaterials.Usually
darkerincolorbecauseoftheorganicmatter.

EHorizons
mineralhorizonjustbelowthesoilsurfacethathaslostitssilicate
clay,organicmatter,aluminum,orironbydownwardmovement,
leavingaconcentrationofresistantsandandsiltparticles."E"
standsfor"eluvialhorizon,"asoillayerformedbytheremovalof
constituentssuchasclayoriron.Eluviationdescribestheprocess
wherebyconstituentsofsoilareremovedinsuspension.
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SoilHorizons
BHorizons
Asubsurfacemineralhorizonresultingfrom(1)thechangeinsitu
ofsoilmaterial,i.e.,theobliterationoftheoriginalrockstructure,
or(2)thewashinginofmaterialfromoverlyinghorizons,i.e.,the
accumulationofsilicateclay,organicmatter,aluminum,oriron.
Illuviationdescribestheprocessofaccumulationofmaterialsfrom
overlyinghorizons.

CHorizons
Unconsolidatedorweaklyconsolidatedmineralhorizonthat
retainsevidenceofrockstructure,butlacksdiagnosticproperties
oftheoverlyingA,E,andBhorizons.Thishorizonislittle
affectedbypedogenic(i.e.soilforming)processes.Examples
includebeachsand,windblownsilt(orloess),alluviumdeposited
byrivers,andglacialtilldepositedbyglacialice.

RHorizons
continuous(consolidated)hardorveryhardbedrock.
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Figure2.33

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Figure2.35

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THENATUREANDPROPERTIESOFSOILS,13/e
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Figure2.36

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Figure2.37

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Figure1.10

(a)

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(b)

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Figure1.11

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Figure1.12

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Figure1.13

(b)

(a)

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Figure 1.14

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Figure1.15

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Figure1.16

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Figure1.17

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THENATUREANDPROPERTIESOFSOILS,13/e
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Figure1.20

(a)

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(b)

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Figure1.21

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Figure1.22

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Figure1.23

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NutrientUptake
RootInterception
Diffusion
MassFlow

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Figure1.26

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RootMicrograph

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Figure1.24

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AgriculturalProduction

Populationisgrowing
Croplandisdestroyedbyurbansprawl
Newforestmustbeclearedfornewcroplands
Stilltheamountofcroplandperpersonis
decreasing
Knowledgeofsoilshelptoincreaseyieldper
acre
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Figure1.27

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HistoricalDevelopment
EarliestPeopletoStudySoils
Aristotle(384322B.C.)
Theophrastes(372287B.C.)
Consideredthepropertiesofsoilinrelationplant
nutrition

Consideredthepropertiesofsoilinrelation
plantnutrition.
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HistoricalDevelopment
Romanwriterswhodiscusseddifferencesamongsoilsin
relationtoplantgrowth.

CatotheElder(234149B.C.)
Varro(11627B.C.)
Virgil(7019B.C.)
Columella(aboutA.D.45)
PlinytheElder(A.D.2379)

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HistoricalDevelopment
Lomonosov(17111765)
Russianthatwroteaboutsoilasanevolutionaryprocess.

JustusvonLiebig
In1840publishedChemistryinitsApplicationtoAgricultureand
Physiologyinwhichhestatesplantsassimilatemineralnutrients
fromthesoil.

GermanscientistsincludingRamannandFallou
Inthemid1800sdevelopedagroecologythatviewedsoilas
weathered,somewhatleachedsurficialrock.

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HistoricalDevelopment
Dokuchaev(18461903)
In1883developedmanyoftheearlyapplicationsofsoilscience.
Hisdynamicresearchandteachingfueledextendedstudiesofsoil
genesisinRussia.

Glinka(18671916)andNeustruyev(18741928)
ContinuedtheworkofDokuchaev,statingthatsoilisaweathered
crustthatexhibitsspecificpropertiescorrelatedwithclimatic
zones.

Williams(18631939)
AnotherRussiansoilscientist,emphasizedtheconceptthatsoil
genesiswasabiologicalprocess.
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HistoricalDevelopment
Hilgard(18331916)
OneofthefirstU.S.soilscientists,wroteabouttherelationships
betweensoilsandclimate.

Marbut(18631935)
DidmuchofthesignificantearlyworkinsoilsintheUnitedStates
emphasizingthesoilprofile.

Smith(19071981)
WasthechiefarchitectofSoilTaxonomy,whichadvancedand
refinedsoilgenesisinsupportofsoilclassificationandsoilsurvey.

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THENATUREANDPROPERTIESOFSOILS,13/e
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