Title: IDENTIFICATION OF

RISK FACTORS OF
DIABETES IN DISRTICT
RAWALPINDI

Group members

AREEBA ZULNASH
IQRA ARSHAD
SANIA TABASUM
AROOSA GUL

13-ARID-2147
13-ARID-2161
13-ARID-2176
13-ARID-2148

Introduction

.Diabetes is a chronic disease that

occurs either when the pancreas does
not produce enough insulin or when
the body cannot effectively use the
insulin it produces (World Health
Organization)

Cont...

Diabetes is a disease rapidly increasing

throughout the world today.
It is referred to as the worlds modern epidemic.
Diabetes is the fifth leading cause of death in
the world.
There were 171 million people suffering from
diabetes worldwide in 2000. They are expecting
this number to be doubled by year 2050 with
366 million diagnosed people. (WHO).

Cont...
Types of diabetes:
1.

2.

3.

Diabetes mellitus type1:The Type 1

diabetes is caused by the lack of insulin,
which is necessary to regulate the blood
sugar
Type 2 Diabetes:noninsulin-dependent
diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)oradult-onset
diabetes
Gestational Diabetes: It occurs during
pregnancy.

Cont...

Diabetes in world
According to the International Diabetes
Federation
285 million people across the world are
suffering from diabetes
by the year 2030, the figure is
expected to reach 438.4 million an
increase of nearly 54 per cent.

Cont...
Diabetes in Pakistan

It is estimated that Pakistan is become 7 thlargest

country in terms of Diabetes population and it will
be 4thlargest by the year 2030. It is an alarming
figure.
Diabetes is the cause of 88,000 deaths per day
- Men: 35,615
- Women: 52,397
Pakistan is having very little quota for health
budget. 24$ per person cost of diabetes in
Pakistan

Cont...

Risk factors of diabetes

Heart disease and stroke
ESRD (End stage kidney disease)
Leg amputations
Blindness:

Cont...
Objectives of the study are
To study the relationship between:
diabetic and demographic factors such as age,
height, weight, family history.
diabetes and chronicle diseases such as heart
diseases, kidney diseases, blood pressure.
diabetes and counter medication methods (such as
vitamins, iron supplements, others).
diabetes and dental problems.
diabetes and depression.
To study the effect of healthy diet on diabetic
patients.

Literature Review

Annis et al. (2005) concluded that family

history of diabetes was shown to be a
significant predictor of diabetes.
Graham et al. (1995) concluded that the
excess risk for diabetes with even
modest and typical adult weight gain is
substantial.
Golay and Ybarra (2005) explained the
link between obesity and type 2 diabetes

Cont...

Olendzki et al. (2006) concluded that a diabetic

can quickly complicate his or her condition
without consuming the appropriate levels of
proteins and sugar on a regular basis .
Epstain and Sowers (1992) explained that
diabetes mellitus and hypertension are common
diseases that coexist at a greater frequency than
chance alone would predict.
Kahleova et al. (2014) concluded that eating only
breakfast and lunch reduced body weight, HFC,
fasting plasma glucose, C-peptide and glucagon,
and increased OGIS,

Cont...

Sheri (2010) concluded exercise plays a

major role in the prevention and control of
insulin resistance, prediabetes , gestational
diabetes mellitus (GDM) , type 2 diabetes,
and diabetes-related health complications.
Lee (2005) concluded that the onset of
diabetes is characterized by metabolic and
hemodynamic disturbances that increase
vascular permeability, raise systemic blood
pressure, and alter the regulation of
intracapillary pressure.

Cont...
We have drawn following variables from reviewing
literature so far.
i. Demographic factors
ii. Family history
iii. Cholesterol level
iv. Blood pressure
v. Heart, kidney, joint, dental, eye sight problems
vi. Blood pressure
vii. depression
viii. Eating habbits
ix. Pysical activities
x. Usage of counter medications .

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Risk factor of diabetes

Variables and symtoms
Examples
Kidney problem
Heart disease
Blood pressure

Sampling technique
N=500
Target population
Case control study
Chi square

Cont...
Chi-Square Distribution
The Chi-square distribution was
discovered by Friedrich Robert Helmert
(1843-1917) in 1876 but forgotten until
Karl Pearson rediscovered it in
1900.This distribution is used
extensively in applied statistics
. Attributes
Results.

Cont...
General Procedure for testing hypothesis
Formulate the null and alternative hypothesis as
Ho: the two attributes of classification are not associated.
H1: the two attributes of classification are associated.
Choose a significance level . The commonly used
level are at
=0.05, 0.01.
The test-statistic to used is

Determine P-Value
If P-Value , then reject Ho, otherwise accept Ho

Results and discussions

Chi-square Analysis:

Procedure for testing the association

between diabetes and age factor:
Null and alternative hypothesis:
Ho: There is no association between
diabetes and age factor.
H1: There is an association between
diabetes and age factor.
Level of significance: = 0.05

Computation:
Table 2: Chi-Square Tests
Value
Pearson
Chi1.722E2a
Square
Likelihood Ratio 190.050
Linear-by-Linear
158.732
Association
N of Valid Cases 500
a

Df

Asymp.
sided)

.000

.000

.000

Sig.

=1.722E2 with 5 degree of freedom

and p-value = 0.00

(2-

Conclusion:
As P-value =0.00 is less than = 0.05,
so we reject our null hypothesis and
conclude that there is association
between diabetes and age factor

Procedure for testing the

association between diabetes and
family history:
Null and alternative hypothesis:
Ho: There is no association between
diabetes and family history.
H1: There is an association between
diabetes and family history.
Level of significance: = 0.05

Computation:

Table 3: Chi-Square Tests

Value

Df

Asymp. Sig. (2sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 2.527a

.112

Continuity
Correctionb

2.242

.134

Likelihood Ratio

2.522

.112

Fisher's Exact Test

Exact Sig. (2sided)

.117

Linear-by-Linear
Association

2.522

N of Valid Casesb

500

.112

Exact Sig. (1sided)

.067

Conclusion:
As P-value =0.112 is greater than =
0.05, so we reject our null hypothesis
and conclude that there is no
association between diabetes and
family history.

Summary and Conclusions

This research study was planned to

study the risk factors of diabetes.
The data of 200 patients and 300 of
healthy people was collected from the
citizens of Rawalpindi for this purpose.
The structured questionnaire contained
the questions regarding all the
variables.

Cont...

Our study showed association of diabetes with

following factors.
that increasing age
marital status
Gender
obesity
cholesterol level
depression
Dental
eye, kidney, heart, joint, blood pressure, frequent
urination problem.

Cont...

Diabetes is not significantly associated

with following factors
positive family history
exhaustive work

Cont...

Finally it is concluded that by

controlling
Cholesterol level
Depression
Blood pressure
By taking proper medications, healthy
diet and exercise
we can reduce the risk of diabetes.

Thanks
Any ques....??